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Hygiene Industry
Ade Irman SM
Untirta
2014
Sample Case-1
• Karyawan mengeluh bahwa cairan xylene yang
digunakan pada proses cleaning memiliki bau
yang menyengat, menyebabkan kulit kering,
sakit kepala serta meyebabkan iritasi pada
mata dan tenggorokan.• Perusahaan melakukan pengecekan terhadap
penggunaan Xylene
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Sample Case-2
Hasil investigasi xylene:
• Xylene bersifat flammable
• Mudah menyerap pada kulit
• Berbahaya jika karyawan kontak langsung
dengan xylene
Sample Case-2
Larangan:
• Dilarang menyemprotkan xylene pada mesin yangsedang hidup
Rekomendasi:
1. Penggunaan cairan pembersih lain yang lebih tidak
berbahaya2. Jika cairan pembersih lain tidak ditemukan, maka:
– Jika bisa, lakukan pembersihan secara otomatis
– Jika bisa, gunakan xylene hanya untuk pembersihan final
3. Selama cairan pembersih lain belum ditemukan,karyawan wajib menggunakan APD (gloves, glasses,apron)
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Definition of HI
• The art and science devoted to the
recognition, evaluation, and control of
workplace health hazards
The Principle of HI
Recognition
Evaluation
Control
Anticipation
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History of HI#1
• Georgius Agricola (1494 –1555)
• Paracelsus (1493 –1591)
• Bernardino Ramazzini (1633 –1714)
• Percival Pott (1713 –1788)
• Alice Hamilton (1869 –1970).
Georgius Agricola (1494 –1555)
• A Saxon physician, is best known as the Father
of Geology
• Published De Re Metallica (‘‘ On the Nature of
Metals’’)
– describes illnesses experienced by miners – the need for ventilation and ergonomic issues
related to mining.
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Paracelsus (1493 –1591)
• ASwiss physician and chemist, is best known
as the Father of Toxicology.
• Published: On the Miners’ Sickness and Other
Diseases of Miners.
– All substances were poisons
– Dose-Response relationship.
Dose Response Relationship
All substances are toxic—it is the dose that makesthe poison
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Bernardino Ramazzini (1633 –1714)
• An Italian physician, is best known as the
Father of Occupational Medicine.
• Published: De Morbis Artificum (‘‘Diseases of
Workers’’ )
• ‘‘Of what trade are you?’’
Percival Pott (1713 –1788)
• A London surgeon
• The first to establish the relationship between
an occupation (chimney sweep), a toxin
(polyaromatic hydrocarbons [PAH] from soot),
and malignancy (testicular cancer).
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Alice Hamilton (1869 –1970)
• An American physician
Published:
• Industrial Poisons in the United States (1925),
• Industrial Toxicology (1934), and
• Exploring the Dangerous Trades (1943).
The tenets of industrial hygiene
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Recognition
Recognition
• Performing survey or inspection
• Recognize visible hazards and/or identify areas
that need additional monitoring for
contaminants that cannot be evaluated
visually
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Occupational Health Hazards
Categories
Occupational Health HazardsCategories
1. Chemical stressors include substances such
as solvents, acids, caustics, and alcohols.
2. Physical stressors include ionizing radiation
(alpha, beta, gamma,neutron, X-ray
radiation), nonionizing radiation (infrared,ultraviolet, visible light, radio frequency,
microwave, and laser radiation),noise, and
temperature.
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Occupational Health Hazards
Categories
3. Biological stressors include hazards such as
bacteria, viruses, mold,
4. Ergonomic stressors are the human
psychological and physiological injuries or
illnesses associated with repetitive and
cumulative trauma, fatigue, and exertion.
Sample Question for Recognition
What environmental stressors are present in the facility?
Where are the points of origin of those environmentalstressors?
What are the forms that those environmental stressors take?Are they dusts, vapors, gases, mists?
What are the work processes at the facility?
Have these work processes changed in any way?
What are the raw materials and intermediate and finishedproducts that are involved in the work process? Do they posehealth risks?
What physical and mental tasks are required? Do these tasksrequire frequent repetitive motions or excessive forces forlong durations?
What control methods are currently being used?
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Evaluation
Evaluation
• Understand the manner in which the potential
contaminant appears in the workplace.
• Based upon analytical measurement of
workplace hazards
• Compares the results to established (standard)criteria (ex OHSA)
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Form Variety of Contaminants #1
• Dusts: Solid particulates generated by crushing,grinding, chipping, or abrasion. Examples of dustsinclude coal, wood, and sand.
• Fumes: Solid particulates (usually metals)generated by condensation from a gaseous state.An example of a fume is welding emissions.
• Aerosols: Liquid droplets or solid particulatedispersed in air. An example of an aerosol isoverspray from spray painting.
• Mists: Suspended liquid droplets generated bythe condensation from gas to liquid state.
Form Variety of Contaminants #2
• Gases: Substances which are in the gaseous
state at normal temperature and pressure
(NTP). Examples: oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon
dioxide.
•Vapors: Gaseous phases of a material which isordinarily a solid or liquid at room
temperature. Examples: gasoline, toluene,
xylene, and benzene.
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Control
Control
• Defined as processes, procedures, or method
changes that correct existing health problems
and prevent or minimize the risk of health
hazards in the workplace
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Types of Control
Engineering Control
• Objective: to isolate or eliminate health
hazards
• Example:
– the use of ventilation systems to reduce the
concentration of contaminants – shielding hot work areas
– ect
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Administrative controls
• Health hazard control methods that are
employee oriented or process management
oriented.
• Example: Job rotation
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
• The last line of defense
• A greater risk for illness or injury when the
employee does not wear the PPE or it fails
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Alat Pelindung Tubuh (APD)
Syarat Umum APD:
1. Memberikan cukup perlindungan terhadap bahaya
2. Ringan, awet
3. Tidak membuat rasa kurang nyaman pada saat
dipakai (tidak terlalu sempit, longgar)
4. Tidak menghalangi mobilitas,penglihatan,dsb.
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Jenis Pelindung
• Pelindung Tubuh
• Pelindung Mata
• Pelindung Kepala
• Pelindung Kaki
• Pelindung Tangan• Pelindung Alat Pendengaran
• Pelindung Alat Pernafasan
• dll
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Pelindung Mata
Melindungi mata dari:
• partikel, gram
• debu
• sinar (mis: pada pengelasan)
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Pelindung Wajah Dan Alat Pernafasan
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Pelindung Telinga
• Jika intensitas suara
di atas 90 db
• Kebisingan menyebabkan:
- komunikasi sulit/ isyarat atau peringatan tidak terdengar
- rusaknya alat pendengaran