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Hygiene Industry

Ade Irman SM

Untirta

2014

Sample Case-1

• Karyawan mengeluh bahwa cairan xylene yang

digunakan pada proses cleaning memiliki bau

yang menyengat, menyebabkan kulit kering,

sakit kepala serta meyebabkan iritasi pada

mata dan tenggorokan.• Perusahaan melakukan pengecekan terhadap

penggunaan Xylene

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Sample Case-2

Hasil investigasi xylene:

• Xylene bersifat flammable

• Mudah menyerap pada kulit

• Berbahaya jika karyawan kontak langsung

dengan xylene

Sample Case-2

Larangan:

• Dilarang menyemprotkan xylene pada mesin yangsedang hidup

Rekomendasi:

1. Penggunaan cairan pembersih lain yang lebih tidak

berbahaya2. Jika cairan pembersih lain tidak ditemukan, maka:

 – Jika bisa, lakukan pembersihan secara otomatis

 – Jika bisa, gunakan xylene hanya untuk pembersihan final

3. Selama cairan pembersih lain belum ditemukan,karyawan wajib menggunakan APD (gloves, glasses,apron)

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Definition of HI

• The art and science devoted to the

recognition, evaluation, and control of

workplace health hazards

The Principle of HI

Recognition

Evaluation

Control

Anticipation

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History of HI#1

• Georgius Agricola (1494 –1555)

• Paracelsus (1493 –1591)

• Bernardino Ramazzini (1633 –1714)

• Percival Pott (1713 –1788)

• Alice Hamilton (1869 –1970).

Georgius Agricola (1494 –1555)

• A Saxon physician, is best known as the Father

of Geology

• Published De Re Metallica (‘‘ On the Nature of

Metals’’) 

 – describes illnesses experienced by miners – the need for ventilation and ergonomic issues

related to mining.

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Paracelsus (1493 –1591)

• ASwiss physician and chemist, is best known

as the Father of Toxicology.

• Published: On the Miners’  Sickness and Other

Diseases of Miners.

 – All substances were poisons

 – Dose-Response relationship.

Dose Response Relationship

All substances are toxic—it is the dose that makesthe poison

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Bernardino Ramazzini (1633 –1714)

• An Italian physician, is best known as the

Father of Occupational Medicine.

• Published: De Morbis Artificum (‘‘Diseases of

Workers’’ )

• ‘‘Of what trade are you?’’ 

Percival Pott (1713 –1788)

• A London surgeon

• The first to establish the relationship between

an occupation (chimney sweep), a toxin

(polyaromatic hydrocarbons [PAH] from soot),

and malignancy (testicular cancer).

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Alice Hamilton (1869 –1970)

• An American physician

Published:

• Industrial Poisons in the United States (1925),

• Industrial Toxicology (1934), and

• Exploring the Dangerous Trades (1943).

The tenets of industrial hygiene

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Recognition

Recognition

• Performing survey or inspection

• Recognize visible hazards and/or identify areas

that need additional monitoring for

contaminants that cannot be evaluated

visually

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Occupational Health Hazards

Categories

Occupational Health HazardsCategories

1. Chemical stressors include substances such

as solvents, acids, caustics, and alcohols.

2. Physical stressors include ionizing radiation

(alpha, beta, gamma,neutron, X-ray

radiation), nonionizing radiation (infrared,ultraviolet, visible light, radio frequency,

microwave, and laser radiation),noise, and

temperature.

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Occupational Health Hazards

Categories

3. Biological stressors include hazards such as

bacteria, viruses, mold,

4. Ergonomic stressors are the human

psychological and physiological injuries or

illnesses associated with repetitive and

cumulative trauma, fatigue, and exertion.

Sample Question for Recognition

What environmental stressors are present in the facility?

Where are the points of origin of those environmentalstressors?

What are the forms that those environmental stressors take?Are they dusts, vapors, gases, mists?

What are the work processes at the facility?

Have these work processes changed in any way?

What are the raw materials and intermediate and finishedproducts that are involved in the work process? Do they posehealth risks?

What physical and mental tasks are required? Do these tasksrequire frequent repetitive motions or excessive forces forlong durations?

What control methods are currently being used?

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Evaluation

Evaluation

• Understand the manner in which the potential

contaminant appears in the workplace.

• Based upon analytical measurement of

workplace hazards

• Compares the results to established (standard)criteria (ex OHSA)

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Form Variety of Contaminants #1

• Dusts: Solid particulates generated by crushing,grinding, chipping, or abrasion. Examples of dustsinclude coal, wood, and sand.

• Fumes: Solid particulates (usually metals)generated by condensation from a gaseous state.An example of a fume is welding emissions.

• Aerosols: Liquid droplets or solid particulatedispersed in air. An example of an aerosol isoverspray from spray painting.

• Mists: Suspended liquid droplets generated bythe condensation from gas to liquid state.

Form Variety of Contaminants #2

• Gases: Substances which are in the gaseous

state at normal temperature and pressure

(NTP). Examples: oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon

dioxide.

•Vapors: Gaseous phases of a material which isordinarily a solid or liquid at room

temperature. Examples: gasoline, toluene,

xylene, and benzene.

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Control

Control

• Defined as processes, procedures, or method

changes that correct existing health problems

and prevent or minimize the risk of health

hazards in the workplace

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Types of Control

Engineering Control

• Objective: to isolate or eliminate health

hazards

• Example:

 – the use of ventilation systems to reduce the

concentration of contaminants – shielding hot work areas

 – ect

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Administrative controls

• Health hazard control methods that are

employee oriented or process management

oriented.

• Example: Job rotation

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

• The last line of defense

• A greater risk for illness or injury when the

employee does not wear the PPE or it fails

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Alat Pelindung Tubuh (APD)

Syarat Umum APD:

1. Memberikan cukup perlindungan terhadap bahaya

2. Ringan, awet

3. Tidak membuat rasa kurang nyaman pada saat

dipakai (tidak terlalu sempit, longgar)

4. Tidak menghalangi mobilitas,penglihatan,dsb.

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Jenis Pelindung

• Pelindung Tubuh

• Pelindung Mata

• Pelindung Kepala

• Pelindung Kaki

• Pelindung Tangan• Pelindung Alat Pendengaran

• Pelindung Alat Pernafasan

• dll

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Pelindung Mata

Melindungi mata dari:

• partikel, gram

• debu

• sinar (mis: pada pengelasan)

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Pelindung Wajah Dan Alat Pernafasan

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Pelindung Telinga

• Jika intensitas suara

di atas 90 db

•  Kebisingan menyebabkan:

- komunikasi sulit/ isyarat atau peringatan tidak terdengar

- rusaknya alat pendengaran