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IHMA KERALA RENAISSANCE
Compiled by Dr Sajeev.V Page 1
History of Kerala –Renaissance Period
Compiled by Dr Sajeev.V
Medical Officer, Palakkad
Kerala has undergone sweeping changes in every field of life- social, cultural, political
economic, scientifical ,educational etc after 1850’s. So we are concentrating mainly from 1850
Chronology
1575- First press in kerala at Kochi by Portuguese
1772-first book in Malayalam script was printed at Rome-
‘’sampkshepa vedaartham’’
1809-‘Kundara proclamation’ by Veluthampi Dalawa
1811- First Malayalam book printed in India-‘’puthiya niyamam’’ from Bombay
1812-First press in Kerala which printed Malayalam- CMS press at Kottayam
1834- Govt press in Trivandrum by Swathi thirunal
1847-‘Rajya samaacharam-’first newspaper in malayalam from Thalassery basil mission
1817-Benjamin bailey started school at kottaym later converted to CMS College
1834-Swathi thirunal started English school later converted to University college in
thiruvananthapuram
1867- text book committee under Aayilyam thirunaal of Travancore chaired by
Annaji Raayar first and after his death keral varma valiy koyi thampuran for qualitative
improvement in carriclum of schools
1888-Aruvippuram ‘Siva Idol ‘consecration by Narayan Guru
- First legislative Assembly
1891-Malayali memorial
1896-Ezhava memorial
1903-Formation of SNDP Yogam
1905-‘Swadeshabhimani’ newspaper was started BY Vakkom Abdul Khader
1907-Formation of ‘Saadhu Jana Paripalana yogam’ by Ayyankaali
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1910- Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna pillai was send on exile
1914-Bhasha parishkarana committee
Chaired by Ulloor S Parameswara Iyer & T.K Krishnamenon
1915-Formation of NSS(Nair service Society )by Mannathu Padmanabhan
1920- Gandhiji visited kerala for the first time
1921- Malabar Rebellion
-Wagon tragedy
- First All Kerala Congress Meeting at Ottappalam in palakkad
1924-Vaikom Sathyagraha
1925- Gandhiji-Sree Narayana Guru Meeting
1931-32-Guruvayur sathyagraha
1932-Nivarthana Prakshobhanam
1936-Nov12-Temple Entry Proclamation in Travancore by Chithira thirunaal Balarama varma
- Electicity agitation in Thrissur against privatization
1937-Travancore University established (now Kerala University)
1938- Travancore state Congress was formed
-Raajadhani march lead by Akkamma Cheriyan
- Inauguration of High court of Kochi
1939- Formation of Communist party
1941-Kayyoor Riot
1946-Punnapra-Vayalar agitation
1947-48- Paaliyam sathyagraha
1949- Unification of Princely states of Travancore & Kochi
1956- Nov 1-State of Kerala was formed
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EVENTS,MOVEMENTS & ORGANISATONS
Attingal rebellion-1721
-First organized rebellion in India against the British rule
-Occurred in anchuthengu near attingal (now in Thiruvananthapuram district).
-Tussle between British merchants and native mechants.
-Anchuthengu fort was kept under siege for six months by the rebels .
-In 1722 a pact was signed between Attingal Rani and British.
Kurichya Rebellion -1812
- It was farmers rebellion against the British. It was an after effect of pazhassi rebellion that
happened earlier.
-Kurichyas was a sect in adivasis of Malabar.They and their leader Tahalakkal chandu supported
pazhassi .
-British oppressed them with taxing out huge revenue from the poor farmers.
-Farmers protested violently ,but the rebellion was completely suppressed by the British.
Channar rebellion(melmundu samaram)-1859
- It happened in Travancore in which Channar(a lower caste according to Hindu caste system)
ladies protested to wear blouse which was not allowed at that time.
-On july 26th 1859 uthram thirunal made a proclamation by which all ladies irrespective of caste
were allowed to wear blouse
Malayali memorial-1891
-A mass petition filed to Sree Moolam thirunal of Travancore which sought for appointment of
malayalees in higher offfial posts.
-Leaders were C.V Raman pillai,K.P Sankara Menon,K.P.Padmanabha menon,G.P.Pillai etc
Ezhava Memorial-1896
-A mass petition filed to Sree moolam thirunal under the leadership of Dr Palpu ,who was a
medical graduate .
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-Appointment of lower caste people in government posts was the main point in the petition.
-It was rejected by the diwan and other authorities.
-Again in 1900 they gave a mass petition to Lord Curzon,Viceroy ,when he came to Travancore.
But nothing fructified.
Malabar Rebellion-1921
- Khilafat movement ,which was a pan- islamist movement against the British got roots in
Malabar also.
-Rebellion started gainst the British and also the native land lords.
-It mainly happened in eranad & valluvanad taluks of Malabar.
-Variyan kunnath kunjahammed haji,seethikoya,aali musaliyar are the prominent leaders
-Death toll was heavy on both sides.
-Rebellion was brutally suppressed ,about 10,000 people lost their lives.
Wagon Tragedy-1921 ,Nov-10
- Part of Malabar rebellion
-Arrested rebels were transported from Tirur Railway station to Bellary jail in a goods train
named M.S.L.V 1711.
-More than ninety people were transported in a single wagon.It was thickly congested so they
could not even breath.
-64 people was found dead when the wagon reached podanoor near Coimbatore and 8 more died
in hospital.
-Wagon with dead bodies was returned back to Tirur. Wagon Tragedy memorial town hall is
now at Tirur ,Malappuram District.
-It was one of the most gruesome incidents during the freedom struggle.
Vaikom Satyagraha (1924–25)
-It was in Travancore, against untouchability in Hindu society. The movement was centered at
the Shiva temple at Vaikom, near Kottayam.
-The Satyagraha aimed at securing freedom of movement for all sections of society through the
public roads leading to the Sri Mahadevar Temple at Vaikom.
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-Started on 1924 march 30th.
-Leaders of the sathyagrha are T. K. Madhavan ,K.Kelappan, K. P. Kesava Menon,kuroor
neelakantan namboothirippad,mannathu padmanabhan,T.R Krishnaswami Iyer .
-The Akalis of Punjab came to Vaikom to open a free kitchen for the Satyagrahis
-Non-Hindus like barrister George Joseph, Bhajematharam Mathunni and Abdul Rahman (the
Editor- in-Chief of The Young India) came forward to offer Satyagraha.
-E. V. Ramasami/ Periyar a group of followers offered Satyagraha.
-Gandhiji visited vaikom during the struggle
-The streets in the temple area were opened to all people (except the eastern path)on nov 23
,1925.
-In 1928 a proclamation was made in Travancore by which all temple paths were opened for all
people.
Salt sathyagraha in Kerala-1930
-Payyannur in kannur district was the centre of salt sathyagraha in Kerala
-Leaders were K.Kelappan,T.R krishnaswamy Iyer,P.krishna pillai etc
Guruvayoor Sathyagraha-1931-32
-The struggle was to provide access to Sree Krisna temple at Guruvayoor for all Hindus.
-Started by K.P.C.C under the Leadership of K.Kelappan.
-A.K .Gopalan,mannathu padmanbhan were leaders of the struggle.
-Sathyagraha was called off as per the direction of Gandhiji.
Nivarthana struggle (Nivarthana Prakshobham)
-It was joint struggle by Hindu backward classes,Muslims &christians to achieve prper
representation in legislative assemblies
Kayyoor Riot
-Kayyoor is a village in kasargod district
-Communist party organized peasents and acted against land lrds and British govt.
-One policeman was killed when they tried to stop a procession organized by the party.
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-Police captured 61 workers and 4 of them werehanged to death on march 29 th 1943.
-EK Naynar,AV Kunjambu etc participated in the struggle
Punnapra –vayalar rebellion (1946)
-In Travancore a bill was passed extending the official period of Diwan to 5 more years.
-Communist party organized its cadres and prorested against this move which is seen as a hidden
agenda by the then Diwan C.P Ramaswamy.
-Police attacked the protesters and almost 200 people were killed on October.
-Another 280 people were killed in protest organised against the first attack.
-It was the bloodiest agitation in history of modern kerala. Almost 1000 people were killed in
agitation.
-Famous slogan ‘American Model Arabikkadalil’’ was used in this agitation
SNIPPETS
First keralite to participate in annual meeting of Indian National Congress-G.P .Pillai
Gandhiji visited Kerala 5 times
First president of K.P.C.C-K.Madhavan Nair
First secretary of SNDP-Kumaran Asan
First Health Minister of Kerala-Dr A.R Menon
Architect of Cochin port-Robert Bristo
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Personalities
Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja ( 1753 – 1805)- ‘’Kerala Simham’’
Ruler of the princely state of Kottayam (now Thalassery taluk and Wayanad district along with
Gudalur and Panthalur taluks of the Nilgiris District and some parts of Kudagu ) in malabar
He fought guerrilla warfare against on Mysorean army from 1774 to 1793 and also against
British
-In 1792, after the Third Anglo-Mysore War, English imposed their paramountcy in Kottayam in
violation to their earlier agreement of 1790 which recognized independence of Kottayam.
-In 1796, the Company made an attempt to arrest Pazhassi Raja, but he evaded capture and
instead fought back using guerrilla warfare.
-1800 over a dispute on Wayanad and after an insurgent warfare lasted for five years, Pazhassi
Raja was killed on November 30, 1805 in a gun-fight at Mavila Todu near Kerala-Karnataka
border.
Raja’s aide
Kaitheri Ambu
Edachena Kungan
Thalakkal Chandu (Kurichia-aide of Kungan/Hero of Panamaram)
Veluthambi Dalawa (Velayudhan Chempakaraman Thampi)(1765–1809)
-Prime Minister of Travancore between 1802 and 1809 during the reign of Maharajah Bala
Rama Varma Kulasekhara Perumal
-Lead the uprising in Travancore against corruption
-Appointed as Dalawa
-Velu Thampi Dalawa and the Paliath Achan, Govindan Menon, met and decided on the
extirpation of the British Resident and end of British supremacy in their respective states
-Velu Thampi went to Kundara where he made his famous proclamation in January 1809 urging
the people to fight the British.
-The proclamation had its effect and the whole country rose like one man against the British.
-He commited suicide by cutting his throat at Bhagawati Temple at Mannadi near kottarakkara
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Sree Narayana Guru (1856–1928)
-Spiritual leader,social reformer ,poet.
-Guru was born into an Ezhava family in chempazhanthi near thiruvananthapuram.
-Lead Reform movement in Kerala, revolted against casteism and worked on propagating new
values of freedom in spirituality and of social equality, thereby transforming the Kerala society.
-Narayana Guru is revered for his Vedic knowledge, poetic proficiency
-One of the most successful social reformers who tackled caste issues in India
-Consecrated Siva Lingam at Aruvippuram in 1888- "I installed my siva; not a Brahmin siva."
-Formed ‘Vaavoottu Yogam’ at aruvippuram –prototype of SNDP
-Started SNDP IN 1903 along with Kumaran Asan(first secretary)
-He chose Sivagiri for his spiritual practice ' with Amba' became his deity
-Started a Sanskrit school in Varkala.
-Temples were built at different places – Thrissur, Kannur, Anchuthengu, Tellicherry, Calicut,
Mangalore.
-In 1913, he founded the Advaita Ashram at Aluva.- Om Sahodaryam Sarvatra became the motto
of the new Ashram.
-Famous slogan of ‘Oru jaathi,oru matham ,oru daivam manushyanu’ was given at a meeting at
Aluva ashram
-Visited Sri Lanka many times.
-On 14 June 1927 Sree Narayana Guru consecrated a mirror – with the message "Om shanti"
written on the surface – in a temple in Kalavankode.
-Gurudevan participated in the anniversary of the Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam held
at Palluruthy in 1927
-Guru died on 20th September 1928
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SAHODARAN AYYAPAN( 1890-1968)
Social reformer,journalist
-Born at Cherayi near Ernakulam
- Started an organization called ‘Vidya poshini’
- Studied sanskrit & history at university college Tvpm
-Started ‘’Samastha Kera Sahodara Sangham’ in 1917.and ‘Mishra bhojana Prasthanam’
-Started a magazine (later newspaper)named’ SAHODARAN’
-Another magazine named ‘YUKTHIVADI’ was started along with
M.CJoseph,C.Krishnan,C.V Kunjiraman etc
-‘VELAKKARAN’- another newspaper started by Ayyappan
-Failed 2 times but won at 3rd time to legislative assembly of Kochi
-Elected as president of SNDP in 1938
-Started socialist party
-Elected as minister in various ministries of Kochi & Thiru-Kochi.
-Concentrated in social activities in later stages of life
-Died in 1968 march 8
Slogan- ‘All men are brothers’
Published the biography of V.I Lenin for the first time in Malayalam in ‘SAHODARAN’
Mannathu Padmanabhan(1878-1970)-(Bharatha kesari)
Writer,orator,teacher,social reformer,politician.
Born at perunna near changanassery
Became teacher at the age of 15
Turned into lawyer
Started ‘Nayar Samudaya Bhrithya Jana Sangham’ in 1914
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Established Nair Service Society(NSS) in 1915
Constructed schools and colleges throughout Kerala
Worked against many social evils that marred the nair caste.
Worked together with many other leaders in social movements like Vaikom sathyagraha,
guruvayoor sathyagraha and for the betterment of lower caste hindus
Lead ‘savarna jaadha’ to Tvpm to sympathize with guruvayoor sathyagraha
K .Kelappan(1890-1971)-(Kerala Gandhi)
Social reformer, teacher
Born at Moodadi in kannur
Worked actively in congress in ponnani taluk
Participated in vaikom sathygraha,& guruvayoor sathyagraha
Became Editor of ‘Mathrubhumi’ Daily
Leader of Salt sathyagraha in Kerala
He was the K.P.C.C president when India got Freeddom.chairman of Kerala unification
committee
Concentrated in’ sarvodaya’’activities in later life
Died in 1971 october 6th
Ayyankaali(1863-1941)
Social reformer,Champion of the Downtrodden
Born at Venganoor near thiruvananthapuram
Succeeded in issuing orders permitting admission to children of lower caste in schools
First lower caste man to be selected to Sree moolam praja sabha-the then legislative assembly.
Started ‘Saadhu Jana Paripaalana Sangham’ in 1907 later became Pulaya Mahasabha
Fought steadfastly for uplifting the socialand educational status of lower caste hindus.
Met Ganhiji in 1938 which helped to get nationwide attraction his struggles
Gandhiji called him ‘’Pulaya Raajavu’’
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Died on June 18th 1941
Dr .Palpu (1863-1950)
Physician,social reformer,educational activist
- Born in thiruvananthapuram
-Forced to go to madras for medical studies eventhough got admission in kerala for medicine in
1884.
-Didn’t get job in kerala as he was from ezhava community,so went to mysore and worked
there.
-Returned to travancore and was behind ‘Ezhava Memorial’ –a mass petition given to
authoroties for securing equal rights to backward classes also in educational sector and govt
jobs(13,176 persons signed)in 1896 submitted to Travancore Raja Vishakom Thirunal.
-‘’Treatment of thiyyas in travancore’’- book by Dr.Palpu-1896
-Met Swami Vivekananda at Mysore and upon his advice got connected with Narayana Guru
and worked with him for the reform movements
Chattambi Swamikal(1853-1924)
Social reformer,spiritual leader,writer
Born at kannammoola near Thiruvananthapuram
Orginal name –Kunjan pillai(Chattambi means leader)
Fought against social evils and Brahminical hegemony in a spiritual way.
Wrote many books related to language,history,spirituality etc.
Earned respect from Swami Vivekananda when they met
Died at panmana on may 5th 1924 in kollam district
Vakkom Abdul khader maulavi (1873-1932)
Social reformer ,religious leader
Well versed in Malayalam,tamil,arabi,urudu,Persian and Sanskrit
Started the newspaper ‘swadeshabhimani’(Ramakrishna pillai became editor in 1906)
Submitted petition to the raja of Travancore regarding reforms in education of muslim society.
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Started ‘Islamia ‘publishing house
Died on 1932
C.Krishnan(1867-1938)
Lawyer ,social activist,politician
Born at Chaavakkad near Guruvayoor
Editor of newspaper ‘KeralSanchari’
Bought the newspaper ‘Mithavaadi’ from moorkkoth kumaran in 1913 (so he was later known as
Mithvaadi krishnan)
‘Veena poovu’ the famous poem of Kumaran aasan was first published in ‘Mitha vaadi’
Wrote editorial about Russian revolution in1917
Conveted to Budhism stating that being a caste in Hinduism was problem of thiyyas
Organized a Buddhist conclave in Calicut
Foremost among the leaders of atheist movement in kerala
Died on 1938 nov 29th
Muhammed Abdurahman (1898-1945) (Subash Chandrabose of Kerala)
Born at kodungallor
Participated in Khilafath movement,salt sathyagaha
Started ‘Al-ameen’ newspaper
Died on 1945
K.P. Kesava Menon(1886-1978)
Politician, social reformer,Diplomat,writer,lawyer
Got ‘padmavibhooshan’
Involved in non-cooperation movement
Participated In vaikom sathyagraha
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Started ‘Mathrubhumi’ newspaper in 1923
Indian high commissioner to Srilanka in 1951
‘Kazhinja kaalam’-autobiography by K.P.Keasava Menon
Bilathi visesham, yesu devan,jeevitha chinthakal are his works
A.K. Gopalan(1904-1977)- (paavangalude padathalavan)
Politician,social reformer
Born at peralassery near thalassery
Most popular politician kerala has ever seen.
Participated in Salt sathyagraha,guruvayoor sathyagraha(volunteer captain)
Joined congress socialist party and worked along with EMS
Lead ‘pattini jaadha’ to madras and ‘thiruvithankoore jaadha’ to tvpm
Became leader of opposition in Indian Parliament
‘’Njaan oru puthiya lokam kandu’’ is a literary work by him
Died on march 21st 1977
‘Swadeshabhimani’Ramakrishna pillai (1878-1916)
Journalist ,social activist,writer
Born at Neyyatinkara near Tvpm
Editor of journal ‘Malayali’
Became chief editor of ‘Swadeshabhimani’ newspaper in 1906
Send on exile in 1910
Died on 1916
V.T Bhattathirippadu (1898-1982)
Social reformer,Playwright
Born at Mezhathoor near ponnani
Fought against the superstitions and bad customs of Brahmin caste
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Encouraged widow marriage, atheism.
Adukkalayil ninnu arangathekku,kainchntha,are his works.