Post on 30-Jul-2015
transcript
APFIC/FAO Regional Consultative Meeting“Securing sustainable small-scale fisheries: bringing together responsible fisheries and social development”5-8 October, Bangkok Thailand
Implementing the ecosystem approach to fisheries in the small-scale fisheries sector in Asia and the Pacific
The ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF) strives to balance diverse societal objectives by taking account of the different components of ecosystems and their interactions and applying an integrated approach
EAF provides a framework for integrating planning & decision making
Human well-beingEconomic and social
GovernanceAbility to achieve both
ecological and human well-being
Ecological well-beingFishery resource
Environment
EAF characteristics/principles
– Basis in fisheries management– Links bio-ecological and socio-
economic aspects– Participation and adaptive
management– International instruments
(UNCLOS, UNCED, WSSD)– Complements
• sustainable livelihoods, Integrated Coastal Management and co-management
• Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
1982 1992 1995 2001 20061972
UNCLOSUNCLOS
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
UN Fish Stock Agreement
UNICPOLOS
Ecos
yste
m A
ppro
ach
FAOFAO
Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
Reykjavik Declaration
Cancùn Declaration
•Rio Declaration•CBD•Agenda 21 (Chapter 17)
UNCEDUNCED
UN Conference on the Human
Environment
UN Conference on Environment and
Development
Jakarta Mandate
Malawi Principles
WSSD
1982 1992 1995 2001 20061972
EAF contributes to sustainable development– None of the principles that underlie
the EAF are new. They can all be traced in earlier instruments, agreements, declarations.
– Implementation of these principles lags behind in relation to their formulation in agreed international instruments
– The EAF highlights and reorganizes the principles of sustainable development making their application more imperative
– The EAF is the realization of sustainable development in fisheries
EAF is a means of achieving sustainable development– contributing to food security and human
development – maintaining environmental integrity and
enhancing social well being – reducing intra - and inter-sectoral conflict
through participatory approaches and stakeholder consultation.
– EAF is a means of bringing people together both inter-agency and inter-sectoral
– is a powerful consultative/dialogue tool. – EAF is very useful in situations where
conflict resolution is required.
Small-scale fisheries contribute to food security and poverty alleviation– Employment, food supplies and
nutrition– Diverse and complex– Dispersed with multiple landing points– Safety net– Vulnerable to threats and risks
Sustainable development and responsible fisheries management requires EAF but how to implement in small-scale fisheries?
Small-scale fisheries in inland coastal, small island areas are challenged– Population densities high
• Relatively high dependence on fisheries• Coastal, inland SSF• Coping, last resort, food security,
opportunity, open access– Resource declines
• Fishing effort continues to increase• Overcapacity in fisheries
– Politically difficult to address• Centralized management failed
– Local government lacks capacity/will– Conflicts
• Competition, threats from other sectors
EAF pathways with relevance to small-scale fisheries
– Takes complexity of marine, coastal and inland water ecosystems into account
– Flexibility and adaptive management– Human dimensions, stakeholder dialogue and
participation– Evolutionary process building on existing
systems and processes
EAF may be more suitable for small-scale fisheries than ‘conventional’ fisheries management
EAF is framework to address systemic problems– Address overcapacity– Tackle the issue of intrusion
of small and large scales– Address labour issues
(migration, wages, conditions)
– Strengthen local authorities investment in management
– Improve coordination & organization of small scale sector
To address a problem you need to understand it
• Understanding the situation– Assisted by using an Ecosystem Approach
to Fishery Management (EAF)
• Helps to understand the context – Identifies issues relating to the resource,
people, governance
• Provides tools to initiate dialogue with stakeholders
• Provides a basis– to plan and set targets– for requesting or accessing
funding/resourcing for work
Decentralized government
• Devolved government has critical role to play – extracting rent from resources, but do not return this rent to the resource
base management. This mindset needs to be changed
• What they can do?– Collect revenues (from large scale and fish trade) invest in management– Zone and enforce to separate large and small scale– Look at/promote non extractive livelihoods– Invest in education and mobility
National authority can set framework to assist local level management
– Registers, licenses / closed register, set limits– Closed seasons on to prevent over-fishing of juveniles– Let registered groups of small scale fishers operate as a
fishery unit– Training and awareness of province/decentralized
staff/government– Assist in tracking and monitoring resources – as basis
for advice to local government• Finance/flexible access to funding
– secure people with diverse income are more resilience, less likely to take more extreme actions and undermine stability of management or community norms.
• Manage interactions with aquaculture...– resource use intensification , capture by outsiders,
population movement into overcrowded districts.
Local level management is a key strategy
• Develop local capacity to organize and manage fishery activities– Communities/specialized fishers– Note that this does not assure
resources sustained.
• Setting rules– Regulations on gears, seasons, allowed
not allowed. – Limitations on access– MPA/refuge areas – macro and micro
levels – coordinated with fishers to ensure biological/social effectiveness.
– Key species specific management
EAF approaches offer real advantages– Stakeholder buy-in– Economic benefits– Political interference diminished/made
positive through collaboration and partnership, rather than confrontation and conflict.
• This requires– Vision and commitment– Real investment into management– Use of appropriate processes e.g. inclusion of
stakeholders,– Communication of the potential benefits to
be gained • Is there sufficient drive at local and national
levels? – Process already happening on a case by case
basis around the region
Challenges to EAF implementation– Deficient incentives for engaging in longer-
term processes– Weak capacities and institutional structures at
local and community levels– Insufficient links between (national) policy
and (local) implementation and weak inter-sectoral coordination
– Not aligned with political realities – economic growth first (including poverty alleviation of fishers), without environment costs
– Not politically popular – political timeframes not match EAF timeframes “coming election”
– Need for appropriate legislation, long-term political support and sustainable resourcing
– Lack of data and information
Good practice example: Ecosystem based fisheries management by the FISH project (Philippines)
Approaches for improving institutional capacity:– Develop interagency and multi-sectoral
collaborative mechanisms for fisheries/resource management
– Integrate health programmes into fisheries management
– Identify market-based incentives for sustainable fisheries management
– Promote public-private partnerships
APFIC Regional Consultative Forum
Conclusions:– Many examples of EAF (artificial reefs,
MPAs, habitat restoration, fisheries refugias, restocking/enhancement…)
– Initiatives exist that aim at balancing environmental well-being with social needs
– Evaluations of experiences are lacking and sharing of experiences hence poor
– Successful EAF implementation has been based on stakeholder dialogue and compliance, leading to improved fish stocks
– EAF is a strong tool for inland fisheries– Developing a network for EAF tools
Policy considerations and scope for interventions– Fisheries policies to be informed by a human
rights approach (pro-poor and gender)– Solutions must be acceptable to both ecosystem
conservation and socioeconomic development– Effective participation of small-scale sector
required:• Co-management• Adaptive management• Use of local and traditional knowledge• Capacity building and organizational
development
Policy considerations and scope for interventions– Strengthened policy and legislative frameworks
and institutional arrangements for cross-sectoral coordination needed
– Proactive approach to global change to be applied
– Policy coherence and linkages to national planning frameworks promoted
• e.g. PRSPs, NAPAs, water planning, coastal development etc.
Thank you!