Index

AAdequate alternative, 153, 155, 159Administrative error, 74, 75Affective component, 122, 123Analysis, 4, 5, 8, 16, 21, 42, 54, 168, 179, 180,

185, 196, 197Analyzing research design, 18ANOVA, 199, 200Applied research, 4Associated errors, 119, 120Association technique, 55Assumptions of multiple regression, 195Asymmetrical, 83Attitude measurement, 121, 128Attitudes and behaviour, 44, 123Attitude scale, 127, 128Audits, 32, 42Autocorrelation, 195, 203Availability of resources, 7, 8, 11

BBalanced scale, 140Barcode reader, 172Bartlett test of spherecity, 221Basic research, 4, 17Behavioural component, 122, 123Biased wording, 153, 155Binary questions, 149, 151Budget, 9, 17, 71Business research, 18, 20, 27, 33, 70, 73, 82,

93, 107, 110, 164, 168

CCausal, 21, 82Central location telephonic interview, 68Checklist questions, 151

Classification, 31, 33, 37, 38, 44, 58, 60, 167Close ended questions, 52, 68Cluster analysis, 229, 231, 232, 233, 234, 237,

238, 240Coding, 20, 21, 121, 163, 167, 168, 170, 171,

173, 180Coefficient, 116, 119, 196, 198, 200–205Cognitive component, 122, 123Comparative scales, 128–131Completely automated telephonic interview, 69Completely randomized design, 98Completion technique, 55Computer assisted telephonic interview, 68Constant sum scale, 132Construction technique, 56Construct validity, 116–118Consumer panels, 44Content analysis, 80, 168, 170Content validity, 117Continuous scale, 133Contrived observation, 79Control group, 84, 88, 93, 95Criteria for good measurement, 107, 114Cross sectional and longitudinal, 61Cross tabulation, 173, 174, 180

DData analysis, 15, 58, 153, 163, 167, 180, 262,

266Data cleaning, 8, 10, 13, 20, 54, 57, 58, 115,

163, 172, 180Data collection, 8, 10, 13, 20, 39, 57, 67, 163,

172, 263, 266Data entry, 68, 75, 163, 168, 172Data mining, 163, 176–180Data mining process, 179Data processing error, 75

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Decision making process, 4, 5, 222Deliberate falsification, 60, 77Dependent variable, 83, 85, 94, 195, 196Depth interviews, 47, 49, 50, 53Descriptive, 27Determinant, 211, 215, 217, 221Developing hypothesis, 15Direct observation, 10, 78Discarding unsatisfactory response, 166

EEditing, 20, 68, 163, 164, 166, 172, 180Eigenvalues, 217Error source, 121Evaluating data, 13, 14, 20, 21Examination of residual, 202Experimental analysis of variance, 86, 199Experimental design, 83, 85, 91, 96Experimental group, 84, 95, 99Experimental validity, 83Experiments, 18, 84, 86, 90, 97Exploratory factor, 207–226Exploratory research, 14, 16, 31, 46, 72Expressive technique, 56External validity, 86, 89, 91Extraneous variable, 83, 85, 90, 93, 95, 98

FFace validity, 179Factor analysis, 179, 207, 209–211, 220, 248Factorial design, 100, 101Factors affecting business research, 7Field environment, 89, 90Focus group, 10, 41, 51, 185Forced choice, 141, 142Frame of reference, 153, 154

GGeneralizability, 114, 118Globalization, 3, 12

HHidden issue, 50Hierarchical cluster analysis, 232, 235, 237, 240

IIndependent variable, 195, 196, 198, 200Instrument associated errors, 120Instrumentation, 88, 96

Internal consistency, 115Internal validity, 86, 87, 90, 92, 96, 102Interval, 41, 42, 113, 114Interviewer error, 75

KKMO, 211, 217, 221, 224, 227

LLaboratory environment, 89, 90Laddering, 49Latin square design, 99, 100Likert scale, 137, 138Logistic curve, 246Logistic regression, 245, 248, 249, 252

MMail surveys, 70, 71, 73, 77Maturation, 46, 87, 92, 102Measurement of belief and situation, 126, 127Measurement scale, 112, 113Missing value, 166Model fit, 197Mortality, 89, 92, 93Multicollinearity, 203, 204Multi item scales, 121, 127, 134Multiple choice questions, 151, 167Multiple regressions, 195, 197, 202

NNominal, 112Non response error, 64, 76, 119

OObservation techniques, 18One way frequency tabulation, 173Open ended interviews, 47, 49Optical scanning, 172Ordinal, 113, 114

PPanels, 43, 46, 62, 70Panel surveys, 40, 43, 61, 70Physical trace measure, 80Pictorial scale, 132Population specific error, 75Post test, 92, 94, 95, 98Predictive ability, 200

280 Index

Pre test, 94Principal component analysis, 199, 224, 225,

226Prioritization, 5Profile analysis, 139Projective technique, 54, 57

QQuasi experimental design, 41

RRandomized block design, 98Random sampling, 71, 73Ranking questions, 149, 150Ratio, 114, 171, 200Reciprocal, 82Regression analysis, 82, 195, 197Relevance, 40, 79, 114, 119Reliability, 57, 60, 72, 114, 115, 119Research design, 13, 16, 19–22, 27, 74, 82, 87,

113, 118Research method, 10, 13, 17, 19, 22, 47, 58Research objectives, 15, 52, 61, 176Research report, 11, 20, 21, 37Respondent error, 74, 76, 119Response bias, 46, 60, 77, 119, 120Role of business research, 3

SSample frame error, 75Sample selection error, 74Sampling precision, 71Sampling procedure, 13, 19, 22, 66, 71, 74Scale categories, 141Scales, 107, 109, 111Scree plot, 217, 218, 224Secondary data, 11, 15, 18, 33, 38, 39Selection bias, 88, 93Self administered interviews, 69Semantic differential scale, 135–137, 139, 140Semi-structured interviews, 48, 51Sensitivity, 81, 114, 118Shared surveys, 41

Shared vocabulary, 153, 154, 159Simple cross tabulation, 174Situational errors, 120Social desirable bias, 78Sociometry, 57Staple scale, 136Static group design, 93Statistical design, 97Statistical regression, 88, 89, 93, 102Steps in research process, 13Surveys, 10, 17, 33, 40, 46, 49, 58, 61, 64, 66,

77, 82Symmetrical, 82Systematic error, 74, 86

TTabulation, 68, 121, 173, 174, 180Target respondents, 143, 144, 158Telephonic interviews, 40, 41, 66Testing, 4, 69, 72, 88, 94, 98, 115, 167Test of attitude scale, 137Test of homogeneity, 203Test of linearity, 202Test retest reliability, 115Thurstone scale, 139Time constraint, 64Time series design, 96True experimental design, 91, 93, 96, 97Types of attitude scale, 127, 128Types of scales, 128, 132

UUnbalanced scale, 140Unconscious misrepresentation, 77Unforced choice, 141Unrotated factor solution, 217–219Unsatisfactory response, 166Unstructured interviews, 48

VValidating, 163, 180Validity, 16, 72, 86, 87, 89, 90, 114, 117, 119Voice recognition, 172

Index 281