Integrated ISO 14001+18001 Awareness Training ( 1day)

transcript

Integrated ISO 14001:2004 EMS & OHSAS 18001:2007 OHSMS

Awareness Training

By: Stephen Lim

JP Power Horizon Sdn Bhd (901998-H)012-2145412 / jp.power.stephen@gmail.com

www.jp-power.com.my

Protecting the Environment, Health

& Safety is Everyone’s Job

ISO 14001 : 2004

• Worldwide Standards for Environmental Management

• Is Voluntary• Harmonize Internationally Accepted

Environmental requirements worldwide• Prepared by Technical Committee

ISO/TC 207, Environmental management, Subcommittee SC 1, Environmental management systems

• Effective from 15 November 2004

• Includes accompanying ISO 14004:2004, Environmental management systems – General guidelines on principles, systems & support techniques

• Specifies requirements for EMS to develop & implement policy & objectives

• Consideration of legal requirements & other requirements

• Consideration of information about significant environmental aspects

ISO 14001 : 2004

OHSAS 18001 : 2007

● OHSAS18001:1999 was developed with the assistance of 13 accreditation / certification bodies and released on 15 Apr 1999

● 1st Revision : OHSAS18001:2007 involves 43 AB/CB, national safety bodies and consultants and released on July 2007

● OHSAS18001:2007 is NOW a Standard● OHSAS 18002:2000, Guidelines for the

implementation of OHSAS 18001

OHSAS 18001 : 2007

• Developed in response to urgent customer demand for recognizable occupational health & safety management system standard

• Compliance with this Occupational Health & Safety Assessment Series

publication DOES NOT OF

ITSELF CONFER IMMUNITY

from legal obligations

OHSAS 18001 : 2007

• Specifies requirements for OHSMS to enable an organization to control its OH&S risks & improve its performance

• OHSAS specification intended to address OHS rather than product & services safety

Why revise ISO 14001?• Aims to clarify 1996 edition

• Align more closely to ISO 9001:2000 standard

Any revision for OHSAS 18001?

• Yes

• Just released in August 2007.

• Some revisions & new requirements

• Is now called OHSAS 18001:2007

IntroductionIntroduction

What's NEW!!

OHSAS 18001:2007 -> to be compatible with ISO 9001:2008 and ISO 14001:2004 management systems.

OHSAS 18001:2007 -> released 1/7/2007

OHSAS 18001:2007 supersedes OHSAS 18001:1999, but remains current until 2009.

What is an Environmental What is an Environmental Management System?Management System?

Part of an organization’s management system used to develop & implement its environmental policy & manage its environmental aspects

What is an Environment?What is an Environment?

Surroundings in which an organization operates, including air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans, and their interrelation

What is an Occupational What is an Occupational Health & Safety Health & Safety Management System?Management System?Part of the overall management system used to develop and implement OHS Policy and management of the OH&S risks associated with the business of the organization.

What is OccupationalWhat is OccupationalHealth & Safety?Health & Safety?

Conditions & factors that affect the well being of employees, temporary workers, contractor personnel, visitors & any other person in the workplace

Environmental Image Enhancement• Consistent Global Environmental System• Business Requirements• Competitive Advantage

Potential Cost Savings• Reduction in waste• Reduction in energy & water usage• Recycling opportunities

Why implement ISO 14001?

• Assuring customers of commitment to demonstrable environmental management

• Ensure regulatory compliance (avoid fines)• Reduce or control adverse environmental

impacts of its activities, products or services• Improves utilization of natural

resources.• Reducing incidents that result in

liability

Why implement ISO 14001?

● Establish an OSH System that eliminate or minimize risks associated to its activities

● Implement, maintain & Continually Improve● Assurance on OSH Policy Conformity● Helps organization to achieve risk reduction & risk

control● Demonstrable commitment to ensure safety &

health of employees● Proactive compliance to OH&S legal requirements● Provide employees a structure and system to

participate in their personal safety & health

Why implement OHSAS 18001?

ISO 14001:2004 & OHSAS 18001:2007 Requirements

Overview ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001 Requirements

4.2 OH&S Policy4.2 Environmental Policy

4.4 Implementation & Operation4.4 Implementation & Operation

4.6 Management Review4.6 Management Review

4.5 Checking & corrective action4.5 Checking

4.3 Planning4.3 Planning

4.1 General Requirements4.1 General Requirements

3. Terms & definitions3. Terms & definitions

2. Reference publications2. Normative References

1. Scope1. Scope

OHSAS 18001:2007ISO 14001:2004

Establish, document, implement, maintain & continually improve EMS & OHSMS

Define & documented scope of EMS & OHSMS

Entire activities, product & services of the organization within that scope are included in EMS & OHSMS

1 Scope1 Scope

No normative references are cited

OHSAS 18002:2000, Guidelines for the implementation of OHSAS 18001

Refer to ISO 14001:2004 & OHSAS 18001:2007

2 Normative References2 Normative References(ISO 14001:2004)(ISO 14001:2004)

3 Terms & definitions3 Terms & definitions

2 Reference publications2 Reference publications(OHSAS 18001:2007)(OHSAS 18001:2007)

Establish, document, implement, maintain & continually improve EMS & OHSMS

According to requirements of which are described in the whole of clause 4

Defined & documented EMS & OHSMS scope

4.1 General Requirements4.1 General Requirements(ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001)(ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001)

4.2 Environmental Policy4.2 Environmental Policy

Environmental Policy

Appropriate to nature, scale & environmental impacts of activities, products & services

Include commitment to continual improvement & prevention of pollution

Include commitment to comply with applicable legal requirements &

other requirements, related to environmental aspects

Framework for setting & review

objectives & targets

Documented, implemented &

maintained

Communicated to all persons working for

or on behalfAvailable to public

4.2 OH&S Policy4.2 OH&S Policy

OH&S Policy

Appropriate to nature & scale of organization’s

OH&S risks

Include commitment to continual improvement

Include commitment to comply with applicable OH&S legislation &

with other requirements

Documented, implemented &

maintained

Communicated to all employees

Available to interested parties

Periodically reviewed

4.3.3 Objectives & Programs4.3.3 Objectives, targets & programme(s)

4.3.2 Legal & other requirements

4.3.1 Planning for hazard identification, risk assessment & risk control

4.3.1 Environmental Aspects

OHSAS 18001:2007ISO 14001:2004

Definition: Element of an organization’s activities or products or services that can interact with the environment

4.3.1 Environmental Aspects4.3.1 Environmental Aspects(ISO 14001)(ISO 14001)

Documented procedure required Identify for activities, products & services

within the defined EMS scope Determine aspects that have or can have

significant impact(s) on environment Information to be kept up to date Significant aspects are considered in

establishing, implementing & maintaining EMS

4.3.1 Environmental Aspects4.3.1 Environmental Aspects(ISO 14001)(ISO 14001)

Documented procedure required Identify hazards, assessment of risks &

implementation of control measuresResults of assessment are considered for

OH&S objectives setting Information to be kept up to date

4.3.1 Planning for hazard 4.3.1 Planning for hazard identification, risk assessment identification, risk assessment & risk control & risk control (OHSAS 18001)(OHSAS 18001)

Remember! For new activities, products, processes & services in an organization, aspect + impact analysis must be carried out to determine its significant impacts to environment as well as hazard identification, risk assessment & risk controlExample :

1) Shifting of production process Line 1 & 2 to another building

1) New production process method

Documented procedure requiredTo identify & have access to applicable

legal requirements & other requirements to which the organization subscribes related to its environmental aspects &

OH&SDetermine how these

requirements applies to

environmental aspects

4.3.2 Legal & Other 4.3.2 Legal & Other Requirements Requirements (ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001)(ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001)

Information to be kept up to dateCommunicated to employees & interested

parties

Remember! Always update the legal & other requirements studies whenever there is new amendments available.

Typical non-conformances faced by many organizations are poor control on the legal & other requirements documents & poor follow up on the latest updates

This may results in legal non-compliance, unaware by the organization

4.3.3 Objectives, targets & 4.3.3 Objectives, targets & program(s) program(s) (ISO 14001)(ISO 14001)

Establish, implement & maintain documented environmental objectives & targets, at relevant function & levels

Measurable (where practicable)Consistent with environmental policy

Include:

a)Commitments to prevention of pollution

b)Compliance with applicable legal requirements & other requirements to which the organization subscribes

c) Continual improvement

Program(s) shall be established, implemented & maintain for achieving objectives & targets

Include

a)Designation of responsibility to achieve objectives & targets

b)Means & time frame

Examples:

a) No. of environmental accidents

b) Percentage of waste recycled

c) Percentage of recycled material used in packaging

d) No. of environmental violations

e) Efficiency of material & energy used

4.3.3 Objectives & Programs 4.3.3 Objectives & Programs (OHSAS (OHSAS 18001)18001)

Establish & maintain documented OH&S objectives, at relevant function & levels

Quantified (where practicable)Consistent with OH&S policy, including

commitment to continual improvementExamples:

a) Reduction of risk levels

b) Elimination or reduction in

frequency of particular incident(s)

Similar requirements as specified in ISO 14001

Establish programs to achieve objectivesPrograms must have time-frame, people

responsibility & tasks be documentedReview regularly, adjustment & correction

where necessary till objectives achieved.

4.3.3 Objectives & Programs 4.3.3 Objectives & Programs (OHSAS (OHSAS 18001)18001)

4.4.6 Operational control4.4.6 Operational control

4.4.5 Control of documents4.4.5 Control of documents

4.4.4 Documentation4.4.4 Documentation

4.4.7 Emergency preparedness & response

4.4.3 Communication, participation & consultation

4.4.3 Communication

4.4.2 Competence, training & awareness

4.4.1 Resources, roles, responsibility, accountability & authority

4.4.1 Resources, roles, responsibility & authority

OHSAS 18001:2007ISO 14001:2004

4.4 Implementation 4.4 Implementation & operation& operation

4.4.1 Resources, roles, 4.4.1 Resources, roles, responsibility & authorityresponsibility & authority (ISO 14001) (ISO 14001)

Management shall ensure availability of resources

Include:

a)Human resources & specialized skills

b)Organizational infrastructure

c)Technology

d) Financial resources

4.4.1 Resources, roles, 4.4.1 Resources, roles, responsibility & authority responsibility & authority (ISO 14001)(ISO 14001)

Structure & responsibility Structure & responsibility (OHSAS 18001)(OHSAS 18001)

Defined, documented & communicated Appoint management representative

(only 1 for OH&S, can be more than 1

for EMS) by top management MR to ensure:

a) EMS & OHSMS established, implemented & maintained

b) Report EMS performance to top management for review & continual improvement

4.4.2 Competence, training4.4.2 Competence, training& awareness & awareness (ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001)(ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001)

Any person(s) performing task for it or on its behalf that have potential to cause significant environmental impact(s) & personnel performing tasks that may impact OH&S shall be competent

Competent on the basis of appropriate education, training or experience

Documented procedure required Make persons working for or on behalf aware

of:- Importance to conform with environmental & OH&S policy, procedures & EMS + OHSMS requirements- Significant aspects, OH&S consequences, related actual / potential &

environmental & OH&S benefits- Roles & responsibilities

4.4.2 Competence, training4.4.2 Competence, training& awareness & awareness (ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001(ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001))

4.4.2 Competence, training4.4.2 Competence, training& awareness & awareness (ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001)(ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001)

- Potential consequences of not following procedures

Example of training types:a) Raising general environmental, health & safety awareness for all employeesb) Legal compliance training for employees whose actions can affect compliancec) Training in EMS & OH&S requirements

4.4.3 Communication 4.4.3 Communication (ISO 14001)(ISO 14001)

Documented procedure required for a) Internal communication among various levels & functionsb) Receiving, documenting & responding external interested parties communication

Decide whether to communicate externally significant environmental aspects

Decision to be documentedMethod(s) to be established

for external communication

4.4.3 Communication, 4.4.3 Communication, Participation & ConsultationParticipation & Consultation

4.4.3.1 Communication Internal Communication among various

levels/functions Communications with contractors & other visitors Receiving / documenting / responding to relevant

external interested parties.

4.4.3 Communication, 4.4.3 Communication, Participation & ConsultationParticipation & Consultation

4.4.3.2 Participation & Consultation Workers participation :

Involvement in HIRARCIncident investigationDevelopment of OSH Policies & ObjectivesConsultation on changes to OSH MSRepresentation on OSH matters

Consultation with contractors / external interested parties

4.4.3 Consultation & 4.4.3 Consultation & Communication Communication (OHSAS 18001)(OHSAS 18001)

Employees consulted for changes affecting workplace H & S & represented on H & S

Employees informed who is OH&S representative

EMS & OHSMS documentation shall include:

a)Policy, objectives & targets

b)Scope

c)Description of EMS & OHSMS elements, interaction & reference to related documents

d) Documents & records required

4.4.4 Documentation4.4.4 Documentation(ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001)(ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001)

Documented procedure required fora) Document approval prior to issueb) Review, update & re-approve documentsc) Changes & current revision status identifiedd) Relevant versions available at point of usee) Documents remain legible & identifiablef) External origin documents

identified & controlled distributiong) Obsolete documents control &

identification

4.4.5 Control of documents4.4.5 Control of documents(ISO 14001) & (OHSAS 18001)(ISO 14001) & (OHSAS 18001)

Remember! Control shall also be extended to external documents such as reference documents for legal compliance review i.e. EQA Act, OSHA, FMA, Poison Acts etc.This is to ensure the legal requirements review is always done based on the latest updated reference documents, not using the outdated documents

4.4.5 Control of documents4.4.5 Control of documents(ISO 14001) & (OHSAS 18001)(ISO 14001) & (OHSAS 18001)

Identify & plan operations associated with identified significant environmental aspects & risks where control measures need to be applied

To ensure these are conducted

as per specified conditions by:

a) Documented procedure to control situations leading to deviations from environmental & OH&S policy, objectives & targets

b) Operating criteria stipulated

4.4.6 Operational control4.4.6 Operational control(ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001)(ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001)

c) Documented procedures for identified significant environmental aspects; OH&S risks communicated to suppliers & contractors

d) Documented procedures for design of workplace, process, installations,

machinery, operating procedures

& work to eliminate or reduce

OH&S risks

4.4.6 Operational control4.4.6 Operational control(ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001)(ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001)

4.4.7 Emergency 4.4.7 Emergency Preparedness & responsePreparedness & response(ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001)(ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001)

Documented procedure requiredTo identify potential emergency, incidents

situation, potential accidents & how to respond

To respond to actual

emergency situations &

accidents

To mitigate associated adverse environmental impacts & also the likely illness & injury

Periodically review, revise if necessary in particular after accidents, incidents or emergency situations occurred

Periodically test

procedures where practicable

4.4.7 Emergency 4.4.7 Emergency Preparedness & responsePreparedness & response(ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001)(ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001)

4.5.5 Internal Audit4.5.5 Internal audit

4.5.4 Control of Records4.5.4 Control of records

4.5.3 Incident investigation, non-conformity, corrective action & preventive action

4.5.3 Nonconformity, corrective action & preventive action

4.5.2 Evaluation of compliance

4.5.1 Performance measurement & monitoring

4.5.1 Monitoring & measurement

OHSAS 18001:2007ISO 14001:2004

4.5 Checking4.5 Checking

4.5.2 Evaluation of compliance

Documented procedure required Monitor & measure key characteristics of

operations on a regular basisMonitor performance, operational controls &

objectives & targets conformityCalibrate monitoring &

measurement equipment & records retained

4.5.1 Monitoring & Measurement4.5.1 Monitoring & Measurement(ISO 14001)(ISO 14001)

Performance measurement & Performance measurement & monitoringmonitoring(OHSAS 18001)(OHSAS 18001)

Remember! Equipments used by external party engaged to carry out environmental, health & safety tests such as noise, etc SHALL also be ensured & known its calibration status

4.5.1 Monitoring & Measurement4.5.1 Monitoring & Measurement(ISO 14001)(ISO 14001)

Performance measurement & Performance measurement & monitoringmonitoring(OHSAS 18001)(OHSAS 18001)

Documented procedure required Periodically evaluate compliance with

applicable legal requirements & other requirements

Records of evaluation to be kept

4.5.2 Evaluation of compliance4.5.2 Evaluation of compliance(ISO 14001) & (OHSAS 18001)(ISO 14001) & (OHSAS 18001)

Example of methods can be used to assess compliance:a) Auditsb) Document and/or records

reviewc) Facility inspectionsd) Interviewse) Routine sample analysis / test results / verification sampling / testingf) Facility tour and/or direct observation

4.5.2 Evaluation of compliance4.5.2 Evaluation of compliance(ISO 14001) & (OHSAS 18001)(ISO 14001) & (OHSAS 18001)

Documented procedure required Actual & potential NC, handling, investigation +

corrective & preventive action Identify, correcting NC & actions to mitigate

environmental impacts & consequences from accidents / incidents

Investigate NC, determine cause & take actions to avoid recurrence

4.5.3 Nonconformity, corrective 4.5.3 Nonconformity, corrective action & preventive actionaction & preventive action (ISO 14001)(ISO 14001)

4.5.3 Incidents investigation, non-4.5.3 Incidents investigation, non-conformity & corrective & conformity & corrective & preventive actionpreventive action (OHSAS 18001)(OHSAS 18001)

Evaluate & implement actions to avoid occurrence

Record results of corrective / preventive actions taken

Review effectiveness of actions taken

4.5.3 Nonconformity, corrective 4.5.3 Nonconformity, corrective action & preventive actionaction & preventive action (ISO 14001)(ISO 14001)

4.5.3 Incidents investigation, non-4.5.3 Incidents investigation, non-conformity & corrective & conformity & corrective & preventive actionpreventive action (OHSAS 18001)(OHSAS 18001)

4.5.3.1 Incident Investigation Record, investigate & analyze incidents

Determine OSH deficiencies Identify needs for CAIdentify opportunities for PAIdentify opportunities for Continual ImprovementCommunicate results of investigationResults Documented

4.5.3 Incident Investigation, non-4.5.3 Incident Investigation, non-conformity, & corrective & conformity, & corrective & preventive actionpreventive action

4.5.3.2 Nonconformity, CA & PA Actual & potential NC, handling, investigation +

corrective & preventive action Identify, correcting NC & actions to mitigate OSH

consequences CA - Investigate NC, determine cause & take actions

to avoid recurrence PA – Investigate NC for opportunities for actions to

prevent occurrence

4.5.3.2 Nonconformity, CA & PA Record & Communicate results Review effectiveness of actions

taken Driven by HIRARC review Related documents updated

Documented procedure required IdentificationStorageProtectionRetrievalRetentionDisposal

4.5.4 Control of records 4.5.4 Control of records (ISO 14001) & (OHSAS 18001)(ISO 14001) & (OHSAS 18001)

• Remember! Environmental, health & safety records shall also include records such as external party testing report (air, water, noise, CHRA etc); licenses; permits etc

4.5.4 Control of records 4.5.4 Control of records (ISO 14001) & (OHSAS 18001)(ISO 14001) & (OHSAS 18001)

Documented procedure required Conforms to EMS & OHSMS planned

arrangements & ISO 14001 + OHSAS requirements

EMS & OHSMS implemented &

maintained Audit programme(s) planned,

established, implemented &

maintained

4.5.5 Internal audit 4.5.5 Internal audit (ISO 14001) & (OHSAS (ISO 14001) & (OHSAS 18001)18001)

Audit programme to consider

a) Environmental importance of operations

b) Results of risk assessments

c) Previous audit results

4.5.5 Internal audit 4.5.5 Internal audit (ISO 14001) & (OHSAS (ISO 14001) & (OHSAS 18001)18001)

4.6 Management review4.6 Management review(ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001)(ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001)

Review EMS & OHSMS at planned intervals To ensure continuing suitability, adequacy &

effectiveness Assess opportunities for improvement &

need for changes

Inputs:

a) Internal audit results

b) Legal requirements & other requirements

compliance evaluation results

c) Communication(s) – external interested parties & complaints

d) Environmental, health & safety performance

e) Objectives & targets achievements

Inputs:

f) Status of corrective & preventive actions

g) Follow-up actions from previous management reviews

h) Changing circumstances, e.g.

- products, activities and services

- environmental aspects & risks

- changes in applicable legal requirements

i) Recommendations for improvement

Outputs: Decisions & actions related to possible changes to environmental + OH&S policy, objectives, targets & other elements

System

IMPLEMENTATION

Document (Typical)● System documentation

– Manual (Optional)

– policy– organisation chart– roles, responsibilities, authorities– objectives– description of core elements (Management

system)– direction to related documentation– processes

Typical Document (2)

Procedures Control of documents (and Data) Control of records (and records management) Internal audit Corrective and preventive actions Control of non-conformances Control of Accidents & incidents Training Environmental aspects and impacts Identification of Hazard, Risk assessment and control Legal and other requirements

Procedures (con’t)– Consultation and communication– Emergency preparedness and response– Monitoring and measurement– Operational control

● Other procedures and working Instructions– Waste management – Chemical management – Pollution control (eg. Air, noise, water etc,)– Resource conservation– Equipment safety– Control of PPE– Working permits etc.

Typical EMS Document (4)

● Supporting system documents

– objectives, targets and management

programmes

– standards

– guidelines

– specifications etc.

Typical Training

● Key staff training on system implementation● Internal Auditing● General OH&S/ Environmental Awareness● Procedures deployment● Others - legal requirements, fire fighting, first-

aid, PPE etc.

Project Implementation● Define scope ● Identify common areas / constraints - GAP

analysis (existing control vs EMS & OH&SMS)● Project schedule & monitoring● Determine process owners/ work group/

steering committee● Training/ awareness/ publicity/

communications

Project Implementation (2)

● Plans –identification: Aspect and Hazard

● Set objective and management programs

● Development of documentation

● Verification of implementation and monitoring

● Conduct audits

● Maintenance of system

● Drive improvements

4 Stages of EMS Implementation

● 1st stage

– Conduct initial review

– Awareness training for key staff

– Set-up team and define responsibilities

EMS Implementation (2)

● 2nd Stage

– Planning – identify aspects & impacts,

hazards and risks, legal, objectives/ targets

and management programs

– Documentation

● 3rd Stage – Implementation

– Specialised skills training

– Monitoring and measurement

– Analysis of data for improvement

● 4th stage – Audit and review

– Corrective action and improvement

– Certification

● Continual improvement

Implementation

System Design

Documentation

Implementation

Review1st stage

AuditCompliance Audit

Surveillance Audit

Certification

Internal Audit

ConsultancyAudit

Certification BodyCertification Body

Improvement

JP PowerJP Power

Every 6 to 12 months

CompanyCompany

Gap AnalysisSetup Teams

Close NC

SUCCESS FACTORS...

● MANAGEMENT COMMITMENTMANAGEMENT COMMITMENT

– Leadership

– Motivation

– Top Management Support

– Create awareness

– Provide Resources & training

– Create environment for implementation

Key toKey to

MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT

● Allocate Human Resource & Expertise– Development and Implementation of the System– Periodic audit & review

● Investment & Cost– Initial Development Cost– Operating & Maintenance Cost

● monitoring and measurement● site improvement

– Training

● Inspecting site, participating in system audits, attendance at meeting, issuing message of supports, etc.

Top Management Responsibilities

● Defining Policy (4.2)● Appointing a Management Representative (MR) or

appointee (4.4.1)● Allocating Human and Financial Resources

Essential to the Development, Implementation and Improvement of the the management system (4.4.1)

● Ensuring management system is fully Designed, Implemented, Maintained and Effective (4.4.1)

● Management Review (4.6)

Line Managers Responsibilities

● Ensuring Safety and environmental aspects

are identified and managed within the area of

operations● Ensuring management system procedures

and working instructions are fully designed,

implemented and maintained● Improving employees awareness

Staff Responsibilities

● Support and Participate in system

implementation

● Follow procedures

● Provides feedback for improvement

● Understand responsibilities and environmental

impact & hazard related to job

Management Rep/ appointee

● Ensuring that the management system is

properly implemented and performing to

requirements in all locations and spheres of

operation within the organization

● Reporting on the performance of the

management system to top management for

review and continual improvement

QUESTION & ANSWER