Integrated Integrated Observations of Coastal Observations of Coastal

Water QualityWater Quality

Robert F. ChenRobert F. ChenG. Bernard GardnerG. Bernard Gardner

Environmental, Earth and Ocean Sciences Environmental, Earth and Ocean Sciences (EEOS)(EEOS)

UMassBostonUMassBoston

What is Water Quality?What is Water Quality? Is this water clean or dirty?Is this water clean or dirty? Threats to humans?Threats to humans?

– Bacterial pathogens, virusesBacterial pathogens, viruses Threats to ecosystem?Threats to ecosystem?

– NutrientsNutrients– MetalsMetals– SedimentsSediments– Persistent Organic Pollutants (PAH, Persistent Organic Pollutants (PAH,

PCB)PCB)– Biologically active compounds (Env. Biologically active compounds (Env.

Endocrine Disruptors, antibiotics, Endocrine Disruptors, antibiotics, pharmaceuticals)pharmaceuticals)

Need indicatorsNeed indicators

RT: 6.83 - 27.43

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26Time (min)

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ance

10.01

13.10

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9.8914.01

14.28

16.05

11.95 18.1011.5214.88

7.78 19.13

23.7810.50 24.208.64 16.1621.249.15 19.37 21.39 24.30 26.75

NL:1.21E8TIC MS A1670

GCMS Trace of DI Sewage Influent

4-Nonyl-Phenol

Caffeine

Bis-2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate

DEET

Bisphenol A

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (2003)

Possible IndicatorsPossible Indicators

Rapid ColilertRapid Colilert DNA microarraysDNA microarrays PyrenePyrene CaffeineCaffeine Others?Others? Sensors to give measurements on Sensors to give measurements on

appropriate temporal and spatial scales appropriate temporal and spatial scales (similar to CTDs)(similar to CTDs)

Bacterial Indicators

-71.1 -71.0 -70.9 -70.8Longitude

42.20

42.25

42.30

42.35

42.40

42.45

Latitude

44

199

105

66368

3715

2929

Estimated estrogen concentrations in fM EEQ

Outfall

1537

368 66

199

29

44

105

47

4100

126 174

227

301

Boston Harbor--Nonylphenol

PYRENE

EPA Priority Pollutant

10 - 200 ng l-1 in estuarine waters

5-15% of total PAH in water column

128 nsec fluorescence lifetime in water

Laser-Induced Fluorescence System (Pyrene)

Pyrene (ng/l)

• >1300 pyrene measurements in 5 days

• Maximum downstream of Manhattan

June, 2004

Coastal Waters are COMPLEXCoastal Waters are COMPLEX

Each Estuary/Coastal area is uniqueEach Estuary/Coastal area is unique

Tides (hourly monitoring)Tides (hourly monitoring) Topography (10s of meters)Topography (10s of meters) River flow variations (rain events)River flow variations (rain events) Spills (immediate response)Spills (immediate response) Multiple sources (local understanding)Multiple sources (local understanding)

Kill van Kull, New YorkFort Richmond Sewage Outfall

The “Kills”, June 26, 2005

Urban Oceanography

• Anthropogenic effects are high in areas of limited access– Shallow– Tides– Low bridges– Point sources– Complex mixing

Logistics

Neponset River Station

Modeling NeedsModeling Needs

High resolution temporal coverageHigh resolution temporal coverage High resolution spatial coverageHigh resolution spatial coverage Simple understanding/definition of water Simple understanding/definition of water

quality impactsquality impacts Physical model integrating water flow and Physical model integrating water flow and

water circulationwater circulation Land-based (anthropogenic) forcing (GIS)Land-based (anthropogenic) forcing (GIS)

Ocean Observation Infrastructure

The Integrated Coastal Observation System (ICOS)

• ECOShuttle• Entire Hudson Estuary

investigation about 24 hours-4 deployments– June, 2003– May, June, Sept., 2004

• Pumping System• Adaptive or Continuous

Sampling• TOC/TN• Nutrients

ECOShuttle• SeaBird CTD• SeaPoint Chl, OBS• SeaTech CDOM• Chelsea UV

Aquatracka• Altimeter• Optical Plankton

Counter (Brooke)• Video Plankton

Recorder (SeaScan)• Submersible Pump

Mapping• High Resolution

– ~1 m vertical, <1 km horizontal

– Up to 6 Hz data rates• Synoptic

– ~8 knots speed– Mini-Shuttle capable of

surface mapping

28.6 28.7 28.8 28.9 29.0 29.1North Latitude

30

20

10

Dep

th/m

CDOM/QSU

0.00

1.04

2.09

3.13

4.18

5.22

6.27

CDOM Fluorometer and DensityOn north-south line at 89.85o W : June 25 2000(Ln22)

19.0 19 .5 19.5 20.0

Color contours : CDOM/QSU

Contour lines : kg/m3)

AB

C

-91 -90 -89 -88

28.5

29.0

29.5

30.0

Ln 3

Ln 20

Ln 7

Ln 11

Ln 14Ln16

Ln 2Ln 26Ln 30

Ln 32

Ln 33

Cruise Track for June 2000 Cruise

Uncontaminated Seawater Pumping System

• All teflon and stainless steel

• 8 l/min flow rate, samples after ~3 min delay

Deployment in Hudson River

Hudson River EstuaryJune, 2004

Hudson

Raritan

Schmutz?

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Salinity

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O3

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PO4 (

uM)

SiO2 NO3 PO4

East River

Newark Bay

Nutrients

MiniShuttle

• CTD, CDOM, Chl, DO• All sensors within 4 cm vertically

Involve Stakeholders/Locals In All Involve Stakeholders/Locals In All Aspects of Observation and ModelingAspects of Observation and Modeling

End-users/decision makers/public need to End-users/decision makers/public need to participate in planning so that they can use participate in planning so that they can use productsproducts

Examples:Examples:– San Francisco BaySan Francisco Bay– Neponset RiverNeponset River– Hudson RiverHudson River– Boston Science PartnershipBoston Science Partnership

Pyrene "Sniffing" in San Francisco Bay

Pacific Drydock

Hunter's Pt

Just North of Potrero Pt

Just South of Angel Island

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2

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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35salinity

pyre

ne/n

corr

*100

<1 PSUOffshoreOakland Inner HarborSouth BaySacramentoSan JoachinCentral Bay SniffingCentral Bay-Out

Neponset River Flow

Ocean EducationOcean Education

Ocean LiteracyOcean Literacy– Ocean makes the planet habitableOcean makes the planet habitable– Ocean has unique environmentsOcean has unique environments– Ocean and land are linkedOcean and land are linked– Ocean and man are linkedOcean and man are linked

Keep data and model products simpleKeep data and model products simple Partner with existing infrastructure to Partner with existing infrastructure to

maximize impactsmaximize impacts

SummarySummary

Coastal Areas are COMPLEXCoastal Areas are COMPLEX Indicators are needed to make water quality Indicators are needed to make water quality

SIMPLE SIMPLE Model products need to be SIMPLEModel products need to be SIMPLE End-users need to be involved upfront—End-users need to be involved upfront—

they are the resident EXPERTSthey are the resident EXPERTS Educate EVERYONEEducate EVERYONE

Next StepsNext Steps

Biological and chemical sensor developmentBiological and chemical sensor development MooringsMoorings Regular and targeted surveysRegular and targeted surveys Access to data in usable formsAccess to data in usable forms Integration of Bio/Chem data into models Integration of Bio/Chem data into models Integration of Research and EducationIntegration of Research and Education

Hudson River Estuary

Raritan

Hackensack

Newark Bay

Manhattan

Staten Island

ICOS Van

Integrated System

• Physical (T, S, Meteorology, LISST, dye)

• Chemical (DO, CDOM, AC-9)

• Biological (Chlorophyll, OPC, VPR)

28.6 28.7 28.8 28.9 29.0 29.1North Latitude

30

20

10

Dep

th/m

CDOM/QSU

0.00

1.04

2.09

3.13

4.18

5.22

6.27

CDOM Fluorometer and DensityOn north-south line at 89.85o W : June 25 2000(Ln22)

19.0 19.5

20.0

Color contours : CDOM/QSU

Contour lines : kg/m3)

AB

C

September, 2004

Acknowledgements

• Steven Rudnick, Francesco Peri, Liannea Litz, Zhen Wang, Huang Wei

• LaTTE• National Science

Foundation• Office of Naval

Research

Educational Opportunities

Educational Outreach• Aquaria and Museums• Watershed Integrated Sciences

Partnership (WISP)• New England Center for Ocean Science

Education Excellence (NE-COSEE) • Work with Teachers• Classroom Activities

Granite Ave. Bridge

Gulliver’s Creek

Pyrene Determination - GCMS vs LIF

R2 = 0.8849

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Fluorescence ng/l

GC

MS

ng/l

Boston Harbor Samples - June 11, 1997 + November 11, 1997

Boston Harbor - June 1997 pyrene levels

Seawater with 500 ng/l pyrene

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Wavelength- nm

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00.050.10.150.20.250.30.350.40.450.5

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32 nsec

nsec delayed signal is an order of magnitude less intense than the non-delayed signal.

Fig. 2. Boston Harbor Surface Water spiked with pyrene. Note that the 32

Schmutz