11The Prokaryotes:Domains Bacteria and Archaea

The Prokaryotes

Domain Bacteria Proteobacter

ia From the

mythical Greek god, Proteus, who could assume many shapes

Gram-negative

The Alphaproteobacteria

Human pathogens Bartonella

B. hensela: Cat-scratch disease Brucella: Brucellosis Ehrlichia: Tickborne

The Alphaproteobacteria Obligate intracellular parasites

Ehrlichia: Tickborne, ehrlichiosis Rickettsia: Arthropod-borne, spotted fevers

R. prowazekii: Epidemic typhus R. typhi: Endemic murine typhus R. rickettsii: Rocky Mountain spotted fever

The Alphaproteobacteria

Figure 11.1

The Alphaproteobacteria

Chemoautotrophic Oxidize nitrogen for energy Fix CO2

Nitrobacter: NH3+ NO2

–

Nitrosomonas: NO2– NO3

–

The Betaproteobacteria

The Betaproteobacteria Thiobacillus

Chemoautotrophic, oxidize sulfur: H2S SO42–

Sphaerotilus Chemoheterotophic, form sheaths

Figure 11.5

The Betaproteobacteria Neisseria

Chemoheterotrophic, cocci

N. meningitidis N. gonorrhoeae

Spirillum Chemoheterotrophi

c, helical

Figures 11.4, 11.6

The Betaproteobacteria Bordetella

Chemoheterotrophic, rods B. pertussis

Burkholderia: Nosocomial infections Zoogloea: Slimy masses in aerobic

sewage-treatment processes

The Gammaproteobacteria

The Gammaproteobacteria Pseudomonadales

Pseudomonas Opportunistic

pathogens Metabolically

diverse Polar flagella

Azotobacter and Azomonas: Nitrogen fixing Moraxella: Conjunctivitis

Figure 11.7

The Gammaproteobacteria Legionellales

Legionella Found in streams,

warm-water pipes, cooling towers

L. pneumophilia

Coxiella Q fever transmitted

via aerosols or milk

Figure 24.15b

The Gammaproteobacteria Vibrionales

Found in coastal water Vibrio cholerae

causes cholera V. parahaemolyticus

causes gastroenteritis

Figure 11.8

The Gammaproteobacteria Enterobacteriales (enterics)

Peritrichous flagella, facultatively anaerobic Enterobacter Erwinia Escherichia Klebsiella Proteus Salmonella Serratia Shigella Yersinia

The Gammaproteobacteria

Figure 11.9

The Gammaproteobacteria

Pasteurellales Pasteurella

Cause pneumonia and septicemia Haemophilus

Require X (heme) and V (NAD+, NADP+) factors

Francisella Chemoheterotrophic, tularemia

The Deltaproteobacteria

The Epsilonproteobacteria

The Epsilonproteobacteria Campylobacter

One polar flagellum Gastroenteritis

The Epsilonproteobacteria Helicobacter

Multiple flagella Peptic ulcers Stomach cancer

Figure 11.12

The Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria

Firmicutes

Low G + C Gram-positive

Clostridiales Clostridium

Endospore-producing Obligate anaerobes

Epulopiscium

Figures 11.15, 11.16

Bacillales Bacillus

Endospore-producing rods

Figure 11.17b

Bacillales Staphylococcus

Cocci

Figure 11.18

Lactobacillales Generally

aerotolerant anaerobes, lack an electron-transport chain Lactobacillus Streptococcus Enterococcus Listeria

Figure 11.19

Mycoplasmatales Wall-less, pleomorphic 0.1 - 0.24 µm M. pneumoniae

Figure 11.20a–b

Actinobacteria High G + C Gram-positive

Actinobacteria Actinomyces Corynebacterium Frankia Gardnerella Mycobacterium Nocardia Propionibacterium Streptomyces

Figure 11.21b

Chlamydias Chlamydia trachomatis

Trachoma STD, urethritis

Chlamyiophila pneumoniae Chlamydophila psittaci

Causes psittacosis

Chlamydias

Figure 11.23a

Chlamydophila

Figure 11.23b

Spirochaetes Borrelia Leptospira Treponema

Figure 11.24

Bacteroidetes Anaerobic

Bacteroides are found in the mouth and large intestine

Cytophaga: Cellulose-degrading in soil

Fusobacteria Fusobacterium

Are found in the mouth.

May be involved in dental diseases.

Figure 11.25

10Classification of Microorganisms

Taxonomy

Taxonomy The science of classifying organisms Provides universal names for organisms Provides a reference for identifying

organisms

The Three-Domain System

Table 10.1

The Three-Domain System

Figure 10.1

Identification Methods Morphological

characteristics:

Useful for identifying

eukaryotes

Differential staining:

Gram staining, acid-

fast staining

Biochemical tests:

Determines presence

of bacterial enzymes

Figure 10.8

Figure 10.7

Numerical Identification

Figure 10.9

Serology Combine known

antiserum plus unknown bacterium

Slide agglutination

ELISA Western blot

Figure 10.10

Western Blot

Figure 10.12

Phage Typing

Figure 10.13

Flow Cytometry Differences in

electrical conductivity between species

Fluorescence of some species

Cells selectively stained with antibody plus fluorescent dye

Figure 18.12

Genetics DNA base composition

Guanine + cytosine

moles% (GC)

DNA fingerprinting

Electrophoresis of

restriction enzyme

digests

rRNA sequencing

Polymerase chain

reaction (PCR)Figure 10.14

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

Figure 10.15

Nucleic Acid Hybridization: DNA Probe

Figure 10.16

Nucleic Acid Hybridization: DNA Chip

Figure 10.17

Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH)

Figure 10.18a–b

Add DNA probefor S. aureus

Table 10.5

Dichotomous Key

PLAY Animation: Dichotomous Keys

UN 10.2

Cladogram

Figure 10.19, steps 1–2

Cladogram

Figure 10.19, step 3