Post on 10-Apr-2018
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What Is Sociology?
The study of human behavior insociety.
A scientific way to think about societyand its influence on humans.
Includes the study of social behavior
and social change.
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Examples of social
structure Peoplerelationships.Child to ParentEmployee to Boss
Student to Teacher
US and Canada
US and Mexico
Husband and Wife
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Social
SciencesAnthropology is the study of human culturesEconomics studies the production, distributionand consumption of goods and services.
Political Science is the study of politics.
Psychology analyzes human behavior.
Sociology
Urban Studies
Women's Studies
Social Work
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The SociologicalPerspective
Ability to see societal patterns thatinfluence life.
C. Wright Mills wrote about sociologicalperspective in The SociologicalImagination.
Sociology can reveal how societyshapes our lives.
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Viewpoint
Sociological Psychological
What are the race and sex of themugger and victim?
What is the social background of
the mugger?
Are such crimes typical in that
area of the city?
Is the mugger suffering from anemotional disorder?
Is he taking medication that might
cause him to act aggressively?
Does the mugger suffer from antisocial
personality disorder?
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The Origins of Sociology
began during the Age of Enlightenment.
Four Factors
The Industrial Revolution
Villages replaced by mass productions
The French and American Revolution
Thoughts of new way of life instead of the old
The impact of ImperialismEuropeans encountering other cultures
Success of the natural sciences
Examine social changes with scientific method
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Henri deSaintSimon
French
1760-
1825Sought tomake a
more
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Auguste
Comte1798-1857French
Referredto as the
Father ofSociology
Was the personal secretary to Saint-Simon
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Auguste Comte
His field of science using observation,measurement and comparison was
first called positive philosophy.Coined the term sociology
Believed sociology could discover laws
of human social behavior and helpsolve societys problems
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EmileDurkheim1858-1917
founding
fatherknownfor studyon
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Emile Durkheim
Showed that suicide is more than just individualaction: social factors underlie suicide.
Interested in how people integrate with the rest ofsociety and more particularly, how a lack ofintegration within society resulted in anomie
(the feeling of not knowing the rules).
Advocated practical applications of socialresearch.
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HerbertSpencer
1820-1903
GreatBritain
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Herbert Spencer
Wrote Principles of Sociology
Rejected the notion that sociology should beused for social reform.
Societies evolved from simple to morecomplex; the least capable and lessintelligent members of society die out
Concept termed Social Darwinism onlythe strong survive and thus society isimproved.
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Max
Weber
1864-1930
Considered
one of thegreatestthinkers.
Made
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Max Weber
Contended that religion, not class struggle,was true motivation for rise in capitalism
Thought on the development and growth ofcapitalism Protestant Ethic and Spirit ofCapitalism provided the basis for hisanalysis of social stratification.
Study all aspects in a value free approach free from ones own biases
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Verstehen and SocialFacts
Webers method ofstudy calledVerstehen
use sympathetic orinterpretative method,empathy, to understandsocial behavior
grasp by insight others
motivationsSubjective approach
Durkheim stated thatsociology should studysocial facts
identifiable items whichrelate to the nature of asocial relationship
Social conditions thatinfluence peoplesbehaviors.
Objective approach
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Karl
Marx1818-1883
ConflictTheorist
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Marx
Focused on the class conflict occurringwithin the society, and explained howcapitalism shaped society
Considered the economic organization of
society the most important influence onwhat humans think and how they behave
Believed in the dialectic and supportedeconomic determinism
controlling group of capitalists who owned themeans of production
great mass of exploited workers forced to laborunder the capitalists
Profit is produced through the exploitation of theworking class.
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Georg
Simmel1858-1918
Believed thatsociologists shouldfocus on studyingpeople in small
groups and thepatternedinteractionsamong people
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Reasons for growth of SociologicalStudies in the USA
Nation of creative thinkers: new country and new way of looking atthe world
The perfect laboratory: country of great ethnic and racial diversity
Universities were not isolated
urban centers
abound with subject matter
S i l i i
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Sociology in America
University of Chicago (1892);1st to offer PhD in sociology
By 1920 sociology was important academic discipline
The Chicago School - concerned with therelationship of individual to society andsociety as a human laboratory.
Interested in social problems such as
ghettos, immigration, race relations andurbanization.
American sociologists believed sociologycould help solve social problems.
M Mi
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Macro versus Micro
Macro level of analysis
a study of the city or the nation; the world
includes functionalist and conflict theorist.
Micro level of analysisa study of the interactions between the coachand the football team; the teacher and hisstudents
Symbolic interactionist approach.
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Structural Functionalist
The common faith in basic values formsthe cement that holds society together.
Belief in basic values means that thereis a core of society that remainsconsistent.
Thus change disrupts society. Change ispreferred to occur slowly thusallowing for adaptation
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The Five Institutions
FamilyReplace members
Religion
Helps us understand the spiritual real of society
EducationTransmitting skills - productivity
Government
Protects us from outside forces
Economy
Provides market place for the exchange of goods and services.
Destruction of one is destruction of the whole
Survival based on equilibrium
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Conflict Theory
Is a Macro theory encompasses the wholeof society
Society is like a sports arena- groups arecompeting for resources
Change inevitable and desirable
Not concerned with interaction
Produces inequality perpetuated byunequal access to power
No agreement on basic values for society
The rich rule the poor
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Symbolic Interactionism
Is concerned with the social act ratherthan society as a whole
Micro level of viewing societySociety is based on the message andindividual interpretation of the
message.Both verbal and nonverbal symbols
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Symbolic Interactionism
Concerned with the relationshipsbetween
The parent and the childThe teacher and the student
The boss and the employee
The coach and the team
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Sociological Theory:
View of SocietyFunctionalism Objective; stable; cohesive
Conflict Theory Objective; hierarchical;fragmented
Symbolic Interaction Subjective; perceived in the
minds of people
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Sociological Theory:
Source of Social ChangeFunctionalism Disorganization and adjustment
to achieve equilibrium
Conflict Theory Struggle; competition
Symbolic Interaction Ever-changing web ofrelationships and meaning of
things
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Society is Full of Issues
Abortion
Death Penalty
Affirmative Action
Euthanasia
Immigration
Censorship
Welfare
Drug abuse
If we understand thethree perspectivesfor explaining society
(structuralfunctional, conflict,and symbolicinteractionism), we
might begin tounderstand thereason fordisagreement.
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Is Your Glass
Half Full
Half Empty