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Initial Strategic Environmental Assessment
Preliminary Report on the Socio-economic
Assessment of Northern Province
(Mannar, Mullativu, Kilinochchi & Jaffna Districts)
Socioeconomic & Marketing Research Division
National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency
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2005 2,098,004 63063 3.05
2006 2,938,880 81978 2.93
2007 3,578,688 104224 2.91
2008 4,410,682 128373 2.91Source: Statistical Information, 2009-Nothern Province
Though the structure of the provincial economy has not changed over the years, agriculture including
fisheries and animal husbandry which is the main stay of the Northern Province. Contribution of
Agriculture sector in GDP of NP approximately 25% of the GDP of the province. This sector includes
agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery subsectors. This reveals the potential of those subsectors in
developing economic situation of the province.
Table1.4 Composition of GDP-NP at current factor cost prices
Year Agriculture % Industry % Services %
2001 21.02 6.94 71.98
2002 26.49 6.45 67.05
2003 28.39 6.93 64.69
2004 27.53 6.60 65.87
2005 24.77 7.79 67.45
2006 26.39 6.99 66.02
Source:Statistical Information, 2009-Nothern Province
2. Fisheries sector in the Northern Province
2.1 Marine fisheries
Fisheries subsector plays an important role in the national economy of Sri Lanka. Despite the its marginal
contribution to the Gross domestic Product, the sector provides livelihood for more than one million
people engaged in fishing and allied activities in Sri Lanka. More over, Fisheries exports contribute a
substantial amount to foreign exchange earnings of the country. Before 1983 about 50 % of the country’s
fresh fish production came from Northern Province. Though, the contribution of marine fishery declined
drastically during the civil war period its potential can never be under estimated as rich fishing grounds
are available in the northern sea. The coast line of the Northern Province is about 649 kilometers and total
brackish water area is about 70503 hectares and which shows the potential for brackish water aquaculture.
Table 2.1 Length of Coast Line and Brackish Water Area in the Northern Province
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District Coast line (km) Brackish water Area (ha)
Mannar 163 3828
Jaffna & Kilinochchi 390 67442
Mullativu 96 9233
Source: North-East Rehabilitation Report
2.2 Marine Sector Fishing Population by District
District 1972 1989 2001 2005 2007 2008
Mannar 11893 29437 25696 36400 42440 46980
Mullativu 4829 14608 17552 12800 7050 7050
Kilinochchi * 6718 8560 14200 9870 9870
Jaffna 41169 102808 48935 77200 78680 81820
*included under Jaffna district Source:Adminstrative reports of the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
Fishing population in the Northern Province indicates increasing trend but unpredictable fluctuations
during last 3 decades. This was due to migration and displacement of people as a result of conflict
prevailed in the area. However, increasing fishing population shows the importance of fishing as a
livelihood in the area. The highest number of people rely on fishing was in Manner and Jaffna districts. In
addition to direct livelihood on fishing a large number of people engaged in allied activities such as
processing, marketing and trade. The total population rely on fisheries sector was estimated as 25% for Mannar district.
Table 2.3 Marine Sector Active fishers by district
District 1972 1983 1989 1999 2005 2007 2008
Manner 298 4098 5684 4593 9800 10930 11120
Mullativu 1349 2048 3183 1950 3100 1500 2200
Kilinochchi * * 1103 1400 3900 2300 2300
Jaffna 10870 13425 24839 9614 18100 19050 17688
*included under Jaffna district Source:Adminstrative reports of the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
The highest number of fishers was in Jaffna district followed by Mannar district. Prior to 1983, the
percentage of active fishermen of fishing population and number of craft/fishermen were higher
compared to after 1983. Therefore with the normalcy in the area may have increased demand for fishing
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craft. The number of craft in the Jaffna district in 1983, 2007 and 2009 shows more or less similar but in
production there is a wide variation. This was due to limitations prevailed for fishing operations such
fishing time, area, gear units and technology used.
Table 2.4 Marine Sector Fishing Craft by District
District 1972 1983 1989 1999 2005 2007 2008 2009
Mannar 824 2225 974 1673 1858 2315 2799 2344
Mullativu 432 1425 764 411 530 410 530 na
Kilinochch
i
* * 590 820 558 na
Jaffna 4935 6150 2812 2353 2957 6398 3685 6407
Source: Administrative Reports of the Ministry of Fisheries & Aquatic Resources
Table shows total fishing craft of 04 districts. Mannar and Jaffna districts record total number fishing
craft similar to the number of craft in 1983. The composition of craft in the Northern Province maily
confined coastal fishing craft. A limited number of craft with in-board engines were available only in
Jaffna and Mannar districts. However, the fish production in 1983 was very much higher than that of
2009.
Table 2.6 Marine Sector Fresh fish production by District (mt)
District 1980 1990 2000 2005 2007 2008 2009
Mannar 11604 19040 7410 8380 9170 5830 8130
Mullativu 10545 6960 2990 780 360 260 Na
Kilinochch
i
12050 11550 5050 1460 590 360 Na
Jaffna 54253 39740 14450 13370 5130 7390 13080
Source: Administrative Reports of the Ministry of Fisheries & Aquatic Resources
The coastal area of the Northern Province is rich of marine resources. Before civil war in the Northern
Province was the dominant contribution to the fish production in the country. However, due to severe
security restrictions, which led to a ban of fishing at night and limits on the distance boats could travel,
fisheries was the sub sector most affected in the conflict region. The fish catch dropped dramatically
during the war in Northern Province, where the industry had been a major employer. In 1980, Northern
Province contributed 49 per cent of the total fish catch in the country, which declined marginally to 43 per
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cent in 1990. However, the contribution of Northern Province to the total marine production dropped
dramatically to just 10.8 per cent. Since then the catch picked up 25 per cent of the national total in 2001,
20 per cent in 2004 and 16 per cent in 2005. Since 2008 as result of establishment of normalcy in
province marine fish production indicates positive remarks towards increased production. The
production estimates of fresh fish prior to conflict indicate the potential of fish production in the
northern districts.
Table 2.7 Dry fish production by districts
District 1972 1983 1989 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mannar 2089 1253 970 1346 1795 1840 2170 979 860
Mullativu 118 267 264 434 860 324 276 210 Na
Kilinochchi * * * Na Na 148 na 220 128
Jaffna 1723 5482 3745 148 2329 2831 2507 38 na
Source: Administrative Reports of the Ministry of Fisheries & Aquatic Resources
In the past a substantial part of the fresh fish production in the Northern districts processed for dry fish
production. This was mainly due to lack of proper fisheries infrastructure facilities and inherent problems
of fish marketing and distribution. As this situation worsened during the war period a further decline in
production resulted in drop of dry fish production.
Table 2.8 Number of Fishing villages and Fish landing centres by District
District No. of fishing
villages
No. of fish
landing
centres
Anchorages Fishery Harbours
Mannar 41 36 01 01 (not functioning)
Mullativu 31 24 - -
Kilinochchi 40 12 - -
Jaffna 107 103 01 01 (not functioning)
Source: Statistical Information, 2009-Nothern Province
None of the fish landing sites in the Mannar district is provided with fishery harbours or anchorage
infrastructure except the passenger jetty existing at Talaimannar pier. Due to the geographical positioning
and physical setting, the exposure of the landing sites to the monsoonal impacts have been found to be of
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varying degrees. The area of south of the Mannar island is strongly influenced by the South-west
monsoonal waves and the wind and hence landing sites in general are affected for 5-6 months per year
made navigation and fishing operations difficult.
The fairly protected bay area provides some level of shelter from monsoonal waves and winds in the
Kilinochchi district. However, sea conditions within the bay was reported by fisherme
comparatively rough during South-west monsoon. In the absence of any protected anchorages fishers are
in the habit of moving their craft to places along the bay, depending on the monsoonal situation.
Prior to the war, in the Jaffna district the motorized inboard engine boats based at landing centres from
Thodamanaru to Point Pedro were operated from Mylidy harbor located west of Thondamanaru. With the
onset of war, boats have been shifted to Thondamanaru/Point Pedro coastal stretch. Current practice is
that boats with out board engines are hold to the beach often causing damage to the hull, and fishermen
spending long time in this operation. The inboard engine boats are anchored in the near shore waters
protected partially by a limestone reef. During the North-east monsoon where impacts of the waves are
severe, the boats with inboard engines are forced to move either to the sheltered waters elsewhaere or to
go to lagoon located west of Thondamanaru. Even beach landings by small craft becomes a major
problem beach erosion. The jetty of Karainagar is not used by fishermen as it is occupied by the security
forces. The fisheries from Kayts and from other surrounding islands unload their catch in the passenger
jetty which is not satisfactory and interferes with passenger operations. The Jaffna lagoon provides a year
round shelter and boats with inboard engines from other areas including Mullativu come here during the
North-east monsoon for safe anchoring. The only fishery harbor in the Jaffna district located at Mylidy is
used by the Navy as it is within the high security zone.
There no harbor/anchorage infrastructures currently existing at Mullativu.
Table 2.8 Ice plants and production capacity by Districts
District 1983 1998 2005 2008
Production
capacity
(t/d)
Active
Ice
Plants
Production
capacity
(t/d)
Active
Ice
Plants
Production
capacity
(t/d)
Active
Ice
Plants
Production
capacity
(t/d)
Mannar 17 2 15 4 34 5 40
Mullativu 23 - - - - - -
Jaffna 94 2 15 6 8.2 7 10
Total 134 4 30 10 42.2 12 50
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Source: Administrative Reports of the Ministry of Fisheries & Aquatic Resources
Ice production is a vital factor for the preservation of fresh during catching, storing, distribution and
marketing. In 1983 there were 134 tons per day capacity of ice plants located in 04 districts. During the
conflict period ice production had been declined and in 2008 it was in a situation of 50 tons per day. Out
of 50 tons 40 tons were in Mannar district. However, there were no ice plants in Mulativu district.
Table 2.9 Fishing villages with higher fishing population by Districts
District FI Division Fishing village Fishing population
Jaffna Point Pedro East Katkovalam 1036
Munai 1490
Point Pedro West Velvetithurai 1795
Aththikovalady 2010
KKS East Palay 1930
Myllidy 1790
Sandilipay Mathagal 1765
Santhai 1503
Chullipuram Chullipuram West 1350
Ponnalai 1300
Aralay East 1500
Kayts Nainativu 1205
Velanai Thuraiyoor 1195
Jaffna West Navanthurai 2032
Kodday 1406
Source: Statistical Information, 2009-Nothern Province
There are 107 fishing villages in the Jaffna district. Of the fishing villages 15 were among the fishing
population more thousand and 2 fishing villages mor than 2000 population
2.10 Fisheries Inspector Divisions with higher fishing population in Mannar District
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Distrct FI Division No. of Fishing Families
Mannar Pesalai 1985
Erukalampiddy 820
Mannar Town 2285
Nanatan 1027
Musalai 794
Vidatalativu 141
Source: Statistical Information, 2009-Nothern Province
Village wise fishing population of Mannar district is unavailable and there were 6 Fisheries Inspector
Divisions with 7052 fishing families. Mannar Town and Pesalai were among the FI divisions with highestfishing families
Table 2.11 Details of Fisheries Anchorage Points in Northern Province
District FI Division Anchorages
Jaffna Delft Neduntheevu
Kayts Analitheevu
Kayts Eluvantheevu
Kayts Kannakiamma thurai
Velanai Nainatheevu
Suthumalai South Naavaanthurai
Jaffna West Kurunagar-TW Jetty
Customs Jetty
Jaffna West Paasaiyoor
Jaffna East Kolumbuthurai
KKS West KKS(not allowed for fishing)
Point Pedro West Point Pedro (not allowed for
fishing)
Mannar Vidathalativu Arnol Canal
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Killinochchi Poonakari Pallikuda
Nachchikuda Nachchikuda
Mullativu - -
- -
Source: Statistical Information, 2009-Nothern Province
2.2 Fresh Water Fisheries in the Northern Province
Fresh water fishery is less significant in the northern districts compared to that of rest of the Country.
Mainly fresh water tanks are used for agricultural farming. However, there is a potential for thedevelopment of inland fishery as the existence of a large number of tanks in especially, Mullativu,
Mannar and Kilinochici districts.
Table 2.2.1 Fresh water tanks its capacity in the Northern Province
District No.of tanks Capacity (Ac. Ft)
Mannar 19 17055
Mullativu 8 55704
Kilinochchi 8 157662
Source: Statistical Information, 2009-Nothern Province
The inland and aquaculture production of these districts for certain years are given follow.
Table 2.2.2 Fresh water fish production in northern district
District 1999 2000 2001 2002 2007 2008
Mannar 159 228 180 190 30 320
Mullativu 36 38 na na na 130
Kilinochchi 23 26 na na 10 290
Jaffna 1145 1248 900 930 40 360
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Source: Statistical Information, 2009-Nothern Province
3. Socio-economic indicators of the development interventions and the environment
i. Density of fishing population-
II. Number of fishermen/craft- Resource demand
iii. Fish production / craft –resource exploitation rate
iv. Fish production/fisherman or fishing household -
v. Capacity of ice plants- resource utilization rate/external demand for resource
vi Number of harbours & anchorages- resource utilization rate
viii Number of marketing centres –external demand for resource
viii. Number gear units in operation – resource exploitation rate
Table 3.1 Current Socio-economic indicators and environmental sensitivity on Marine environment
Socio-economic indicator Mannar Mullative Kilinochchi Jaffna
Population density low * high
Fishing population density Moderate Low Low Moderate
Number of fishers/craft Moderate Low Low Moderate
Fish production/craft Low Low Low Low
Fish production/fisher Low Low Low Low
Capacities of ice production Low Nil Nil Low
Number of Marketing centres Low Low Low Low
Number of anchorages Moderate Low Low Moderate
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Fishery Harbours & Anchorages of Sri Lanka
Source:Ceylon Fishery Harbours Corporation
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