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AITES
ITA
Towards animproved use
of undergroundSpace
In Consultative Status, Category II with theUnited Nations Economic and Social Council
http://www.ita-aites.org
ASSOCIATIONINTERNATIONALE DES TRAVAUX
EN SOUTERRAININTERNATIONALTUNNELLINGASSOCIATION
Safe working in Tunnelling
HEALTH AND SAFETY IN WORKS
Title
Topic
published
Abstract: -
Rsum: -
Remarks: These guidelines are based on the results of the research project "Prevention of accidents in tunnelling".This document is written for tunnel workers and first line supervision.
This new version is an extended version of the booklet published in 1989, which was published in different
languages: English, French, German, Swedish, Spanish,Italian, ..
in "Safe working in Tunnelling",
Working Group: WG 5 - "Health and Safety in Works"
AuthorITA WG Health and Safety in Works
Open Session, Seminar, Workshop: -
Others: Guidelines
by ITA - AITES, www.ita-aites.org
Nr. 2, pp. 1 - 65, Year 2004
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Safe Working
This document is writtenfor tunnel workers
and first line supervision
Prepared by the ITA Working GroupHealth and Safetyand financed by TBG and ITA
Dear Tunneller,
Underground construction work can bedangerous and the best way to preventaccidents is to recognise the risks in time and
then to act in the appropriate way.
Insignificant happenings can often causesevere accidents which could be avoided by
observing some important rules.The following sketches serve as a guide for safe
and accident-free underground constructionwork. Taking examples from routine tasksa dangerous situation is compared with
the equivalent safe operation.
Acting in the right way reduces the riskfor accidents. We hope you will enjoy reading
this booklet and that you may never beinvolved in an accident at work.
Copyright ITA members may reproduce this publication with the text
translated into their own languages, providing theycontact the ITA-Secretariat beforehand.
Design Concept & Layout: Graphicteam Kln BonnIllustrations: Eitel Schwarzer
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The Tunnellers Equipment
5
1
4
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Personal Safety Outfit
7
hard hat safety shoes (boots) gloves
protective clothing other personnel protective equipment
(depending on working process)
1.1
6
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Personal Safety Outfit
9
1.2
8
1
2
3
7
4
5
6
1 eye protection2 hard hat3 respiratory protection
4 gloves5 ear muffs6 ear plugs7 safety boots
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Personal Safety Outfit
11
1.3
10
1
2
5
3
6
4
1 waterproof clothing2 self rescuer3 reflecting warning vest
4 hard hat for shotcreting5 hand lamp6 cap lamp
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Tunnel Installations
13
2
12
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Fresh air ducts
extend close to the working face avoid kinks repair any damage immediately
Ventilation
1514
2.1
sufficient ventilation test and measure at regular intervals avoid re-circulation from the portal
Ventilation
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all light fittings should be protected against ingress of water check, maintain and clean lighting installations regularly safety lighting system (emergency lighting)
light all places of work and access ways install special lighting at dangerous places use flashing warning lights adjacent to dangerous locations
Lighting2.2
1716
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all electrical installations to be set, modified and repairedby qualified electricians;(work on high voltage network [transmission or power lines]
only permitted with a special authorisation) adhere to national requirements use earth fault circuit breaker 30 mA
support cables and pipelines securely on bracketsagainst risks of impact, bending, abrasion, tension
use appropriate fittings and coupling system
Electrical Installationsand Supply Lines2.3
1918
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set up first aid and rescue installations set up appropriate fire extinguishers
(observe fire classification)
provide self-rescuers in sufficient number and size
give regular instructions on emergency drillsand rescue procedures
carry out emergency drills with the participation
of the fire-brigade provide effective emergency communications(check regularly)
Emergency Equipment2.4
2120
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Walkways to Working Places
23
3
22
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Walkways with Non-rail Operation
Protection
separate paths for vehicles and pedestrians install guard rails alongside the pedestrian path maintain the vehicle path surface and wet it to reduce dust
25
3.1
Danger
being struck
24
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Walkways with Track Operation
Protection
separate path for vehicles and pedestrians put locos at the ends provide a video monitoring system to observe
ahead of train when pushing in longer tunnels use rail personnel carriers
27
3.2
Danger
being struck slipping and tripping hazards
26
3 3
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Passenger Transport
Protection
do not ride on equipment provide and use suitable vehicles for passenger transport
29
3.3
Danger
falling being struck
28
3 4
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Transport in Shafts
Protection
install safety hoops and intermediate landings do not overload skip use either stair tower (diagonal ladderways)
or personnel lift do not carry heavy items
31
3.4
Danger
falling from the ladder being crushed by the skip fall of excavated material
30
Access and Work Places3 5
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Access and Work Placeson Ladders
Protection
remove damaged ladders from site put both feet on the rung and do not
reach over too far while working
do only simple and close work on ladders
33
3.5
Danger
falling
32
4
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Excavation
35
4
34
4 1
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3736
Manual Drilling
Protection
adopt safe working position worker as well as drilling tool wet drilling wear hearing and eye protection
4.1
Danger
slipping and falling dust, noise
4 2
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Jumbos
Protection
keep away from danger area wet drilling wear hearing protection
39
4.2
Danger
being knocked over, being crushed, being struck rock fall dust, noise
38
4 3
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Charging the Blast Holes
Protection
only charge after the whole face has been completely drilled work can only be carried out under the supervision
of an authorised and qualified blasting specialist
use working platforms
41
4.3
Danger
accidental detonation by drilling into explosives being knocked over or crushed by drilling boom falling
40
4 4
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Blasting
Protection
keep away from the area to be blasted switch off the ventilation completely before blasting switch on the ventilation at full capacity after blasting
the team has to stay in a protective shelter(safety container or blasting shelter) after blasting in small tunnels the protective shelter can be installed
in a niche
43
4.4
Danger
fly rock toxic fumes resulting from blasting
42
4 5
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Excavation with Excavator
Protection
do not enter danger zone light the working area adequately use acoustic signal when driving backwards
45
4.5
Danger
being crushed being run over
44
4 6
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Excavation with Roadheader
Protection
install effective dust control system install waterspray system at cutting head do not enter machine danger zone light the working area adequately
47
4.6
Danger
dust containing quartz (silicosis) being crushed being run over flying debris
46
5
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Primary Support
49
5
48
5 1
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Scaling
Protection
use a machine for rock scaling do not enter the danger zone before scaling completed light the working area adequately
51
5.1
Danger
rock fall collapse resulting from the instability
of the exposed rock faces
50
l S li5 2
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Manual Scaling
Protection
only work from a safe area use working platforms light the area adequately
53
5.2
Danger
rock fall falling from heights being crushed
52
I t lli Wi M h5 3
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Installing Wire Mesh
Protection
use working baskets Keep clear of machine working zone light the area adequately
55
5.3
Danger
falling being crushed
54
I t lli A h5 4
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Installing Arches
Protection
use working baskets (twin-lift booms with 2 platforms) use machine according to its intended use do not enter the danger zone
57
5.4
Danger
falling from heights being crushed lack of adequate lighting
56
Setting Rock Bolts5 5
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Setting Rock Bolts
Protection
use working baskets of jumbo wear eye and hearing protection
59
5.5
Danger
falling from heights noise
58
Shotcreting5 6
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Shotcreting
Protection
use working baskets use protective clothing use shotcrete robot where possible wear protective hard hat for shotcreting wear respiratory protection
61
5.6
Danger
falling from heights rebound dust chemical additives
60
Spraying Manipulator5.7
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Spraying Manipulator
Protection
do not enter the danger zone distance between nozzle and wall 1,5 m wear shotcrete protective helmet wear respiratory protection wet mix concrete with alkali free additive
to reduce dust and atmospheric pollution
63
5.7
Danger
being crushed rebound dust burst of concrete hose
62
Shotcreting (dry process)5.8
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Shotcreting (dry process)
Protection
use closed shotcreting machine use dry mix sprayed concrete with cement
(without accelerator) alternative: use moist aggregates
(with alkali-free accelerator) use a nozzle with pre-dampening system
65
5.8
Danger
dust containing quartz (silicosis) skin and eye irritation resulting from
accelerator containing alkali
64
Maintenance ofShotcrete Plant / Equipment5.9
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Shotcrete Plant / Equipment
Protection
clean the equipment with high pressure water jet machine must be switched off when cleaning inside it use alkali-free accelerator
67
5.9
Danger
crushed limbs as a result of the machine beingunintentionally switched on
skin and eye irritation resulting fromthe spillage of accelerator containing alkali
66
Removing Obstructions5.10
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Removing Obstructions
Protection
take hold of the end of the hose do not enter the danger zone where concrete
is being ejected the operator must monitor the danger zone
69
5.10
Danger
injury resulting from the hose whipping about danger when opening the clogged up supply hose
68
Transport6
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7170
p6
Loading the Excavated Material6.1
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7372
g
Protection
do not enter the loading area (danger zone) keep the running surface in good condition do not overload dumper light the loading zone adequately
Danger
being struck being crushed falling material dust, noise
tripping, falling
Travelling Past Working Areas6.2
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7574
g g
Protection
use flashing warning lights at secured working areas keep a safe distance, drive slowly do not overload dumper light all working places adequately
Danger
being run over falling material
Driving Pastthe Edge of an Excavation6.3
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7776 Protection
maintain a safety distance from edge place guard barriers at the edge of ramp incline drive slowly on ramp incline do not overload dumper
Danger
the vehicle could tip over falling material
Turning in Tunnels6.4
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7978 Protection
do not enter the danger zone visual monitoring of the rear mark turning area, provide adequate surfaceand light it
adequately
Danger
being run over being crushed
Reversing in Tunnels6.5
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8180 Protection
separate paths for vehicles and pedestrians visual monitoring of the rear of vehicle regularly clean vehicle mirrors and lights and replace
defective ones
light the area adequately wear reflective clothing
Danger
being struck or run over
Narrow Areaswhere Rail Vehicles are used6.6
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8382 Protection
keep clear of track and mine cars when under operation separate railway area and pedestrian path keep pedestrian path clear of material and obstructions
Danger
being crushed being struck tripping up
Belt Transport6.7
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8584 Protection
conveying belt and walkways should be delimited /separated
place emergency-OFF switches at regular space intervals
Danger
being trapped or grasped by running conveyor
Belt Transport(belt transfer points)6.8
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8786 Protection
handing over or loading zone should be equipped witha sprinkler waterspray system
Alternative: housing systemwith dust exhaustioncontrol system
Danger
harmful dust
Shaft Transport(removal of excavated material)6.9
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8988 Protection
do not enter the danger zone under skip supervise movements of skip instruct hoisting equipment operator by radio or telephone
Danger
being crushed falling material
Shaft Transport (loads)6.10
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9190 Protection
do not stand under load sling properly loads instruct hosting equipment operator by radio or telephone
Danger
being injured by falling or swinging load
Final Lining7
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9392
Installing Reinforcement7.1
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9594 Protection
install side-guards use a telescopic working platform make sure that planking has correctly been put in place
Danger
falling
Travelling Formwork7.2
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9796 Protection
access ways should be properly constructed and guarded
Danger
falling
Working in the Tunnel Formwork7.3
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9998 Protection
keep the access ways clear of all loose material maintain working place in good order wear hearing protection when pouring concrete
Danger
tipping over and falling noise resulting from the external vibrator unsafe access and working places
TBM-Work8
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101100
Maintenance of aFull Face Tunneling Machine8.1
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103102 Protection
use the platform provided by manufacturer driving up of sheeting plates at workface should be
made hydraulically where required working face should be set under compressed air
Danger
falling drowning in bentonite collapse of excavated face
Installing Anchors in TBM Tunnels8.2
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105104 Protection
provide safe, defined working place do not enter danger zone operator
Danger
cave-in and rock fall falling
Driving / Heading in Tracked Tunnels8.3
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107106 Protection
track operation should be stopped when works arecarried out
use gates or signalling system (stoplights) driver cabs at both ends of train
Danger
being crushed being struck
Installing Segments (big tunnel)8.4
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109108 Protection
provide safe, defined working place, use platform do not enter danger zone when segments are being
put in place maintain eye / visual contact with segment erector operator
Danger
falling being crushed
Installing Segments (small tunnel)8.5
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111110 Protection
do not enter danger zone when segments are beingput in place
maintain eye / visual contact with segment erector operator
Danger
being crushed being knocked down
Toxic Substancesin the Breathing Air9
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113112
9.1 Diesel Motor Emissions
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Protection
equip machinery with particle filters use low emission diesel engine do not let the engine running unnecessarily provide sufficient ventilation
115Danger
diesel engine exhaust gas
114
9.2 Dust Emission
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117Danger
harmful dust (silicosis, black lungs, other lung damage)
Danger
provide sufficient extraction ventilation exhaust dusts wet dusty areas use appropriate respiratory protection
116
First Aid10
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119118
10.1 Rescue Chain
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Emergency call
121
On-the-spot-measures(on principle: do not move injured person
unless in further danger)
120
10.2 Rescue Chain
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Transport to medical centre
123
First Aid(if casualty unconscious turn head to side
to prevent suffocation)
122
Picture Proof
Front page
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Front pageARGE Engelberg-Basistunnel
Zblin, Bilfinger+ Berger, Hochtief, Baresel,
Wayss& Freytag, Wolff & Mller
Last pageARGE Pumpspeicherwerk Goldisthal
Walter Bau vereinigt mit DYWIDAG, Zblin, STRABAG
Page 4: GeodataPage 12: Walter Bau AG
Page 22: Philipp Holzmann AGPage 34: ARGE Rennsteig Tunnel
Page 48: Vereina TunnelPage 70: ARGE Rennsteig Tunnel
Page 92: Walter Bau AGPage 100: ARGE 4te Rhre Elbtunnel
Herrenknecht AGPage 112: ARGE Rennsteig Tunnel
Page 118: ICE Tunnel Idstein
Acknowledgement
ITA would like to thank the German TBGand all the members of working group n 5for their tremendous work,
Dr. Martin Herrenknechtof Herrenknecht AG,Mr. Klaus Langendorf
of Liebherr Hydraulikbagger GmbH,Mr. Karl-Heinz Wennmohsof Atlas Copco MCT GmbH
for their support in the graphical designof this booklet.
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