Mol

ecul

esPr

otei

ns, c

arbo

hydr

ates

, fat

s, n

ucle

ic a

cids

Org

anel

les

Cel

lsFu

nctio

nal u

nits

Tiss

ues

Org

ans

Org

an s

yste

ms

Body

Ana

tom

y an

d Ph

ysio

logy

-Ant

erio

r (ve

ntra

l) vi

ew-L

ater

al v

iew

-Pos

terio

r (do

rsal

) vie

w

-Ana

tom

ical

pla

nes

Reg

ions

: -A

xial

-App

endi

cula

r (ex

trem

ities

)

Body

cav

ities

:-D

orsa

l (cr

ania

l and

spi

nal),

-v

entra

l (th

orac

ic a

nd a

bdom

inop

elvi

c),

-nas

al, o

ral,

orbi

tal,

tym

pani

c, a

nd s

ynov

ial

Prox

imal

–C

lose

rto

the

cent

erof

the

body

Dis

tal–

Furt

herf

rom

the

cent

erof

the

body

Supe

rfic

ial–

Clo

sert

oth

esk

inD

eep

–Fu

rthe

rfro

mth

esk

in

Dor

sal–

Tow

ards

the

back

ofth

ebo

dyVe

ntra

l–To

war

dsth

efr

onto

fthe

body

Pron

ate

–Tu

rnth

epa

lms

upor

the

feet

inw

ard

Supi

nate

–Tu

rnth

epa

lms

dow

nor

the

feet

outw

ard

Abdu

ctio

n–

Tom

ove

away

from

the

mid

dle

ofth

ebo

dyAd

duct

ion

–To

mov

eto

war

dth

em

iddl

eof

the

body

Exte

nsio

n–

Tost

raig

hten

outa

join

tFl

exio

n–

Tobe

nda

join

t

Dor

sifle

xion

–To

bend

the

foot

upw

ard

atth

ean

kle

Plan

tarf

lexi

on–

Tobe

ndth

efo

otdo

wnw

ard

atth

ean

kle

Cra

nial

–C

lose

rto

the

head

Cau

dal–

Clo

sert

oth

ebu

ttock

s

Fora

men

–A

hole

orop

enin

gFo

ssa

–A

flats

urfa

ceor

ade

pres

sion

.Lu

men

–Th

eop

enin

gof

atu

be(li

keth

ece

nter

ofth

ew

indp

ipe

ora

bloo

dve

ssel

).Pr

omin

ence

–An

area

whi

chpr

otru

des

orst

icks

out.

Tube

rcle

–A

bum

p.

Ana

tom

ical

voca

bula

ry

Tiss

ues

Epith

elia

l: C

onne

ctiv

e: b

lood

, bon

e, c

artil

age,

adi

pose

M

uscl

e:

Ner

vous

:

Epith

elia

l tis

sues

Epith

elia

l tis

sues

Con

nect

ive

tissu

esB

one

anat

omy

Con

nect

ive

tissu

esC

onne

ctiv

etis

sues

Mus

cle

tissu

esN

ervo

ustis

sues

Can

cer

Ang

ioge

nesi

s

Can

cer

Prot

o-on

coge

nes

Can

bec

ome

an o

ncog

ene

by 1

) poi

nt m

utat

ion,

2) G

ene

ampl

ifica

tion,

3) C

hrom

osom

al

tran

sloc

atio

n, 4

) loc

al D

NA

rear

rang

emen

ts o

r 5) I

nser

tion

mut

agen

esis

.

Extr

acel

lula

r Mat

rix

The

extr

acel

lula

rm

atrix

(EC

M)

isco

mpo

sed

ofa

varie

tyof

prot

eins

and

poly

sacc

harid

esth

atar

ese

cret

edlo

cally

and

asse

mbl

edin

toan

orga

nize

dne

twor

kin

clos

eas

soci

atio

nw

ithth

esu

rfac

eof

the

cell

that

prod

uced

them

.

Col

lage

n: fi

brou

s pr

otei

ns o

f the

mat

rix

Extr

acel

lula

r Mat

rix

Cel

l jun

ctio

ns

Adhe

sive

junc

tions

(des

mos

omes

,he

mid

esm

osom

esan

dad

here

nsju

nctio

ns)

link

adjo

inin

gce

llto

each

othe

rand

toth

eEC

M.

Alth

ough

adhe

sive

junc

tion

type

sar

esi

mila

rin

stru

ctur

ean

dfu

nctio

n,th

eyco

ntai

ndi

stin

ctin

trace

llula

rat

tach

men

tpro

tein

san

dtra

nsm

embr

ane

linke

rpro

tein

s.

Tigh

tjun

ctio

nsle

ave

nosp

ace

betw

een

plas

ma

mem

bran

esof

adja

cent

cells

topr

even

tthe

mov

emen

tof

mol

ecul

esac

ross

cell

laye

rs.

Tigh

tjun

ctio

nsbl

ock

late

ralm

ovem

ento

flip

ids

and

mem

bran

epr

otei

nsto

keep

ace

llpo

lariz

ed.

Gap

junc

tions

sepa

rate

cells

by2-

3nm

and

allo

wdi

rect

elec

trica

land

chem

ical

com

mun

icat

ion.

Gap

junc

tion

Gap

junc

tion:

a s

peci

aliz

ed in

terc

ellu

lar

conn

ectio

n th

at d

irect

ly c

onne

cts

the

cyto

plas

m o

f tw

o ce

lls, w

hich

allo

ws

vario

us

mol

ecul

es a

nd io

ns to

pas

s fre

ely

betw

een

cells

. A

nota

ble

use

of g

ap ju

nctio

ns is

in th

e el

ectri

cal s

ynap

se fo

und

in s

ome

neur

ons.

Gap

junc

tion

Cel

l Adh

esio

n M

olec

ules

(CA

Ms)

Maj

or O

rgan

Sys

tem

s (1

1)

•Circ

ulat

ory

syst

em•I

nteg

umen

tary

sys

tem

(ski

n, h

air,

nails

, etc

.)•E

ndoc

rine

syst

em•L

ymph

atic

sys

tem

•Dig

estiv

e sy

stem

•Urin

ary

syst

em•R

epro

duct

ive

syst

em•R

espi

rato

ry s

yste

m•N

ervo

us s

yste

m•S

kele

tal s

yste

m•M

uscu

lar s

yste

m

Circ

ulat

ory

syst

em

•Arte

ry•A

orta

•Vei

n•C

apilla

ry

(atr

ium

)(v

entr

icle

)(v

alve

)

Syst

olic

(con

trac

tion)

: 110

-140

Dia

stol

ic (r

elax

atio

n): 6

5 -9

0~

72 b

eats

/m

Inte

gum

enta

ry s

yste

m

Endo

crin

e sy

stem

Lym

phat

ic s

yste

m