SURVEYING KONSTRUKSIGD-4101

JENIS LENGKUNGAN

K02/2009/SHn

• Survey Rekayasa, yg termasuk dalam Geodesi & Geomatika:- surveying pemetaan (data utk desain)- surveying konstruksi (data utk setting-out)- surveying monitoring (data utk pemantauan)

PEMBANGUNAN PROYEK REKAYASA

STUDI KELAYAKAN (Feasibility Study)

SURVEY PENYULUHAN (Reconnaissance Survey)

SURVEY PENDAHULUAN (Prelimenary Survey)

SURVEY LOKASI Survey lokasi ( Location Survey)

SURVEY KONSTRUKSI (Construction Survey)

SURVEY AS-BUILT (as-built Survey)

PEMELIHARAAN (Maintenance)

JALUR JALAN RAYA

LENGKUNGAN SEDERHANA (SIMPLE CURVE):BUSUR LINGKARAN YG MENGHUBUNGKAN DUA BUAH TANGEN

LENGKUNGAN PERALIHAN (TRANSITION CURVE):LENGKUNGAN YG JARI-JARINYA BERUBAH (BERKURANG) DARI JARI-JARI TAK HINGGA PADA TANGEN SAMPAI KE JARI-JARI LINGKARAN

LENGKUNGAN MAJEMUK (COMPOUND CURVE):LENGKUNGAN YG TERDIRI DARI DUA BUSUR LINGKARAN ATAU LEBIH DGN JARI-JARI YG BERBEDA DAN PUSAT LENGKUNGANNYA PADA SISIALINEMEN (ALIGNMENT) YG SAMA.

BROKEN-BACK CURVE:KOMBINASI LENGKUNGAN DGN TANGEN YG PENDEK ( < 100 FEET~ 30,48 m)YG MENGHUBUNGKAN DUA BUSUR LINGKARAN YG BERPUSAT PADA SISI YG SAMA.

JENIS LENGKUNGAN LINGKARAN :

LENGKUNGAN BOLAK-BALIK (REVERSE CURVE): DUA BUAH LINGKARAN DGN TANGEN YG SAMADAN PUSAT LINGKARAN DI SISI YG BERBEDA.

CONTOH DESAIN JALAN RAYA

Jalur Lurus

Jalur Lengkung

Lengkungan Horisontal: Lengkungan Sederhana (simple curve)

Lingkaran

Bagian Jalur jalan lurus

C

C

Busur Lingkaran

RC

Lengkungan Horisontal: Lengkungan Majemuk (compound curves)

2 lingkaran dgn 2 R disatukan

Bgn Jalur Jalan Lurus

Bsr LingkaranR1

R2

Lengkungan Horisontal: Broken Back Curve

2 lingkaran dihubungkan jalur lurus pendek

Jalur Jalan Lurus

Bsr Lingkaran

(30-40 m)

Bgn Jalur Jalan Lurus

Bsr Lingkaran

Lengkungan Horisontal: Lengkungan Bolak-Balik (reverse curves)

LENGKUNGAN PERALIHAN (TRANSITION CURVE)

LENGKUNGAN PERALIHAN = Lengkungan yg diawali dari jalur lurus hingga

lengkungan lingkaran atau lengkungan yg diawali dgn R = s/d R = RC

Jalur lurus

R =

R = RC

Lengkungan peralihan

Lengkungan lingkaran

Superelevation cpfp FFW

cossincossin22

vvs gR

WVgRWVWfW

α

α

Fcp

Fcn

Wp

Wn F f

F f

α

Fc

W 1 fte

≈Rv

Superelevation

cossincossin22

vvs gR

WVgRWVWfW

tan1tan2

sv

s fgRVf

efgRVfe s

vs 1

2

efgVRs

v

2

Selection of e and fs

• Practical limits on superelevation (e)– Climate– Constructability– Adjacent land use

• Side friction factor (fs) variations– Vehicle speed– Pavement texture– Tire condition

Side Friction Factor

from AASHTO’s A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets 2004

New Graph

Minimum Radius TablesNew Table

WSDOT Design Side Friction Factors

from

the

2005

WS

DO

T D

esig

n M

anua

l, M

22-

01

New Table

For Open Highways and Ramps

WSDOT Design Side Friction Factors

from

the

2005

WS

DO

T D

esig

n M

anua

l, M

22-

01

For Low-Speed Urban Managed Access Highways

New Graph

Design Superelevation Rates - AASHTO

from AASHTO’s A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets 2004

New Graph

Design Superelevation Rates - WSDOT

from the 2005 WSDOT Design Manual, M 22-01

emax = 8%

New Graph

Stopping Sight Distance

Rv

Δs

Obstruction

Ms v

s RSSD

180

DRSSD s

sv

100

180 SSD

vvs R

SSDRM90cos1

v

svv

RMRRSSD 1cos

90

Tambahan lainnya:

• Cross section Penampang melintang• Superelevation Transition (perubahan superelevasi)

– Runoff – Tangent runout

• Spiral curves (lengkungan spiral)• Extra width for curves ( pelebaran utk lingkaran)

FYI – NOT TESTABLE

Cross SectionFYI – NOT TESTABLE

Superelevation Transition

from the 2001 Caltrans Highway Design Manual

FYI – NOT TESTABLE

Superelevation Transition

from AASHTO’s A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets 2001

FYI – NOT TESTABLE

Superelevation Runoff/Runout

from

AA

SH

TO’s

A P

olic

y on

Geo

met

ric D

esig

n of

Hig

hway

s an

d S

treet

s 20

01

FYI – NOT TESTABLE

Superelevation Runoff - WSDOT

from the 2005 WSDOT Design Manual, M 22-01

FYI – NOT TESTABLENew Graph

Spiral Curves

No Spiral

Spiral

from AASHTO’s A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets 2001

FYI – NOT TESTABLE

No SpiralFYI – NOT TESTABLE

Spiral Curves• WSDOT no longer uses spiral curves• Involve complex geometry• Require more surveying• Are somewhat empirical• If used, superelevation transition should

occur entirely within spiral

FYI – NOT TESTABLE

Desirable Spiral Lengths

from AASHTO’s A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets 2001

FYI – NOT TESTABLE

Operating vs. Design Speed85th Percentile Speed vs. Inferred Design Speed for 138 Rural Two-Lane Highway Horizontal Curves

85th Percentile Speed vs. Inferred Design Speed for Rural Two-Lane Highway Limited Sight Distance Crest Vertical Curves

FYI – NOT TESTABLE

Primary References

• Mannering, F.L.; Kilareski, W.P. and Washburn, S.S. (2005). Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, Third Edition. Chapter 3

• American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). (2001). A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, Fourth Edition. Washington, D.C.