Kagan, Ch. 23

Industrialization of Russia and the Rise

of Bolshevism

Alexander III, 1881-1894 “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationalism” Abandons most reforms of Alexander II

BUT allows emancipation Resists liberals/revolutionaries

“Russification”- Forced Russian language and culture on minorities Increased anti-Semitism 1887: 5 young men hung for murder of Alex II

Alexander Ulyanov, 20 years old --- 17-year-old brother, Vladimir Ulyanov ---- the man we know as “Lenin”

Count Sergei Witte Russia must industrialize BUT how?

Planned economic development Protective tariffs High taxes Set Russian currency to the gold standard Create more efficient government and business Take out loans from the French

Focus on HEAVY INDUSTRY Railway, coal, pig-iron, steel BUT also textiles

Road to Industrialization? By 1900 ~3 million factory workers (total pop. =

128 million) Virtually no agricultural improvements made so

life on mir unbearable Although new social class does emerge: Kulaks

1901 Social Revolutionary Party formed Anti-industrialization; look to mir as model for future

1903 Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets) Membership stems from zemstvos; constitutional

monarchy, civil liberties, economic prosperity

Russian Peasants

Russian Peasants

Meeting in the mir

Home of Russian Gentry

Kulak – wealthier peasants

David & Anna Bronstein

Leon Trotsky’s mother and father – successful kulaks

Growth of Marxism Thought Gregory Plekhanov (Populist convert to Marxism)

in 1883 in exile (Switzerland), founded the Russian Social Democratic Party in 1898

Russia must move through capitalism must develop a large industrial proletariat & class struggle did not condone the mir did not like the peasantry and detested the Social

Revolutionaries did not approve of terrorism/assassinationVladimir

Ilyich Lenin (1870-1924) and his wife Krupskaya were key

members, as were Leon Trotsky (1879-1940), Joseph V. Stalin (1879-1953)

Lenin & Krupskaya

Trotsky & Stalin

Lenin What is to be Done? Rejected Continental revisionism & trade

unions Advocated for REVOLUTION

Revolution would not come on its own – people must be trained to rise up: revolution = profession

Revolutionary Elite Small, professional, nondemocratic group would

lead

Bolsheviks and Mensheviks Bolsheviks and Mensheviks (1903 split)

Bolshevik – majority “hard” Marxists lead by Lenin elite group of reliable and zealous intellectuals; strong centralized

party – Central Committee strengthen membership through purges must force their views on the country new idea – imperialism = monopoly capitalism = imperialist wars &

colonial struggles for independence = new opportunities for proletariat revolution

new idea - Proletariat and peasantry UNITE! Menshevik – minority

cooperation w/ liberals, progressives and democrats disliked conflict w/in party resembled Western European Marxists

The Last Romanov Tzar Nicholas II, 1894-1917

Lack of wit, intelligence, firm will Alexandra -- foreigner

Tsarist opposition in country increasing

Russian Social Democrats Russian Social Revolutionaries

Reforms continue Rapid industrialization

More coal, steel, and petroleum industries built

Protective tariffs raised But unions / strikes illegal

Tsar Nicholas II & Family

Russo-Japanese War Manchuria / Korea????

Japan wants mainland link Nicholas needs “diversion”

1904-1905 Japanese attack Massive defeats on land and

sea shock the world Japan defeats Russian navy Japanese take Port Arthur back (1st time non-whites win! –

Japan had modernized within 37 years)

Treaty at Portsmouth, NH

Revolution of 1905

Russian humiliated by defeat at hands of Japanese Political upheaval on home front unleashed “Bloody Sunday” 1/22/1905 – March on Winter Palace

Troops fire on crowd of protesting workers Revolutionary “fire” spreads

Riots - revolts break out – students, workers, sailors, peasants

By Oct. “soviets” formed – control St. Petersburg

Bloody Sunday, 1905

October Manifesto, 1905 Nicholas promises constitutional monarchy

Grants civil liberties Creates popularly elected bicameral parliament – Duma BUT Nicholas still

Appoints the ministry Controls the financial policy Oversees military and foreign policy

Failure of Revolution Peter Stolypin: chief advisor 1906-1911

Encourages dissolution of Duma after first election – new representatives too radical

Dissolved again and limitations put on franchise 3rd times the charm – Nicholas has a Duma he

can count on 1906 - Institutes agrarian reform, leads to private

ownership of land assassinated 1911

Rasputin