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KINGDOM KINGDOM FUNGIFUNGI
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CharacteristicsCharacteristics
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Fungi are NOT plants
Nonphotosynthetic Eukaryotes Nonmotile Most are saprobes
(live on dead organisms)
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Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food first & then absorb it into their bodies
Release digestive enzymes to break down organic material or their host
Store food energy as glycogen
BREAD BREAD MOLDMOLD 44
Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients in the environment
Most are multicellular, except unicellular yeast
Lack true roots, stems or leaves
MULTICELLULAMULTICELLULAR MUSHROOMR MUSHROOM
UNICELLULAR UNICELLULAR YEASTYEAST
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Cell walls are made of chitin (complex polysaccharide)
Body is called the Thallus Grow as microscopic
tubes or filaments called hyphae
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Some fungi are internal or external parasites
A few fungi act like predators & capture prey like roundworms
Predaceous Predaceous Fungi feeding Fungi feeding
on a on a NematodeNematode
(roundworm)(roundworm)77
Some are edible, while others are poisonous
EDIBLEEDIBLE POISONOUSPOISONOUS 88
Produce both sexual and asexual spores
Classified by their sexual reproductive structures
Spores come Spores come in various in various
shapesshapes99
Grow best in warm, moist environments
Mycology is the study of fungi
Mycologists study fungi A fungicide is a chemical
used to kill fungiFungicide Fungicide kills leaf kills leaf fungusfungus
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Fungi include puffballs, yeasts, mushrooms, toadstools, rusts, smuts, ringworm, and molds
The antibiotic penicillin is made by the Penicillium mold
Penicillium moldPenicillium mold
PuffballPuffball 1111
Vegetative StructuresVegetative Structures
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TubularTubular shape ONEONE continuous
cell Filled with
cytoplasm & nucleicytoplasm & nuclei MultinucleateMultinucleate Hard cell wall of
chitinchitin also in insect exoskeletons
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StolonsStolons – horizontal hyphae that connect groups of hyphae to each other
RhizoidsRhizoids – rootlike parts of hyphae that anchor the fungus
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STOLOSTOLONN
RHIZOIDSRHIZOIDS
Cross-walls called SEPTA may form compartments
Septa have pores for movement of cytoplasm
Form network called mycelia that run through the thallus (body)
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ABSORPTIVE ABSORPTIVE HETEROTROPHHETEROTROPH
Fungi get carbon from organic sources Tips of Hyphae release enzymes Enzymatic breakdown of substrate Products diffuse back into hyphae
Digested material is then used by the hypha
Nucleus “directs” the digestive process
Fungi may be classified based on cell division (with or without cytokinesis) Aseptate or coenocytic (without
septa) Septate (with septa)
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NO NO CROSS CROSS WALLSWALLS
CROSS CROSS WALLSWALLS
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HAUSTORIAHAUSTORIA – – parasitic hyphae on parasitic hyphae on plants & animalsplants & animals
Septate Septate HyphaeHyphae
Coenocytic Coenocytic HyphaeHyphae
Hyphae grow from their tips Mycelium is an extensive,
feeding web of hyphae Mycelia are the ecologically
active bodies of fungiThis wall is rigid Only the tip wall is plastic and stretches
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REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURESREPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURESASEXUAL & SEXUAL SPORESASEXUAL & SEXUAL SPORES
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REPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION
Most fungi reproduce AsexuallyAsexually and SexuallySexually by spores
ASEXUAL reproduction is most most common common method & produces genetically identical genetically identical organisms
Fungi reproduce SEXUALLY when conditions are poor & nutrients conditions are poor & nutrients scarcescarce
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SPORESSPORES Spores are an adaptationadaptation to life on
land Ensure that the species will species will
disperse to new locationsdisperse to new locations Each spore contains a reproductive reproductive
cellcell that forms a new organism NonmotileNonmotile Dispersed by windwind
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTIONSEXUAL REPRODUCTION Used when Used when
environmental environmental conditions are poor conditions are poor (lack of nutrients, (lack of nutrients, space, moisture…)space, moisture…)
No male or female fungiNo male or female fungi Some fungi show Some fungi show
dimorphismdimorphism May grow as May grow as MYCELIA MYCELIA
or aor a YEAST –LIKE YEAST –LIKE state (Filament at state (Filament at 2525ooC & Round at 37C & Round at 37ooC)C)
2424Dimorphic FungiDimorphic Fungi
SEXUAL REPRODUCTIONSEXUAL REPRODUCTION Haploid 1n hyphae 1n hyphae from 2 mating 2 mating
types (+ and -) FUSE types (+ and -) FUSE (Fertilization)(Fertilization) Forms aForms a hyphae with hyphae with 2 nuclei that 2 nuclei that
becomes a ZYGOTEbecomes a ZYGOTE The zygote divides to make a The zygote divides to make a
SPORESPORE
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SPORE SPORE FORMSFORMS
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THREE TYPES OF ASEXUAL THREE TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION
FragmentationFragmentation – part of the mycelium becomes separated & begins a life of its own
BuddingBudding – a small cell forms & gets pinched off as it grows to full size Used by yeasts Used by yeasts
Asexual spores Asexual spores – production of spores – production of spores by a single myceliumby a single mycelium
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Spores may be Formed: Directly on hyphae Inside sporangia On Fruiting bodies
Amanita fruiting body Pilobolus sporangia
Penicillium hyphae
Fruiting Bodies Fruiting Bodies are modified hyphae that make asexualasexual spores
An upright stalk called the SporangiosphoreSporangiosphore supports the spore case or SporangiumSporangium
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Types of Types of Fruiting Fruiting Bodies:Bodies: BasidiaBasidia SporangiaSporangia AscusAscus
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BasidiaBasidia
SporangiaSporangia
myceliummycelium
Fruiting BodiesFruiting Bodies
Both are compose
d of hyphae
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Mycelia have a huge surface area More surface area aids digestion & absorption of food
mycelium
Germinating spore
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Evolution of FungiEvolution of Fungi
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Which of the following is most closely related to a mushroom (fungus)?
WHY?WHY?Recent DNA-Recent DNA-
based studies based studies show that fungi show that fungi are more similar are more similar to animals than to animals than to plantsto plants
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Evolution of the Evolution of the FungiFungi
Fungi are classified by their REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES andand SPORESSPORES
The reproductive structures are: BASIDIA - BASIDIA - BASIDIOMYCOTABASIDIOMYCOTA SPORANGIA - SPORANGIA - ZYGOSPORANGIAZYGOSPORANGIA ASCUS - ASCUS - ASCOMYCOTAASCOMYCOTA
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Spores are made of:Spores are made of: Dehydrated cytoplasmDehydrated cytoplasm Protective coatProtective coat Haploid cellHaploid cell
Wind, animals, water, & insects Wind, animals, water, & insects spread sporesspread spores
Spores germinates when they land Spores germinates when they land on a moist surface on a moist surface (new hyphae (new hyphae form)form)
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ClassificatiClassification & on &
PhylogenyPhylogeny
motile spores
zygosporangia
asci basidia
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Major Groups of FungiMajor Groups of Fungi
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MAJOR GROUPS OF FUNGIMAJOR GROUPS OF FUNGI Within the past
few years, several groups have been re-re-classified into classified into the protiststhe protists
Two of these groups are the slime molds slime molds and and water moldswater molds
SaprobesSaprobes Decomposers Molds, mushrooms, etc.
ParasitesParasites Harm host Rusts and smuts (attack plants)
MutualistsMutualists Both benefit Lichens Mycorrhizas
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MAJOR GROUPS OF FUNGIMAJOR GROUPS OF FUNGI
Basidiomycota Basidiomycota – – Club Fungi ZygomycotaZygomycota – – Bread Molds Chytridiomycota Chytridiomycota – – Chytrids AM Fungi AM Fungi - - Mycorrhizas Ascomycota Ascomycota – – Sac Fungi Lichens Lichens – – Symbiosis (algae &
Fungi)
ZYGOMYCOTAZYGOMYCOTA
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Called the sporangiumfungi
Commonly called molds Also includes blights Hyphae have no cross
walls (aseptate) Grow rapidly Includes bread mold
Rhizopus stolonifer
Rhizopus on strawberries
Tomato BlightTomato Blight
Asexual reproductive structure called sporangiumsporangium atop sporangiospores sporangiospores make sporesspores
Rhizoids Rhizoids anchor the mold & release digestive enzymes & absorb food
StolonsStolons connect the fruiting bodies
SexualSexual spores are produced by conjugationconjugation when (+) hyphae and (-) hyphae fusehyphae fuse
Sexual spores are called ZYGOSPORESZYGOSPORES
Zygospores can endure harsh endure harsh environmentsenvironments until conditions improvezygosporezygospore
BASIDIOMYCOTABASIDIOMYCOTA
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Called Club fungi Includes:
MushroomsMushrooms ToadstoolsToadstools Bracket & Shelf fungiBracket & Shelf fungi PuffballsPuffballs StinkhornsStinkhorns Rusts and smutsRusts and smuts
Some are used as food (mushrooms)(mushrooms)
Others damage crops (rusts & (rusts & smuts) smuts)
Corn Corn SmutSmut
Soybean Soybean RustRust
Portobello Portobello MushroomsMushrooms
CHARACTERISTICS OF CLUB CHARACTERISTICS OF CLUB FUNGIFUNGI
SeldomSeldom reproduce asexually The visible mushroom is a fruiting bodyfruiting body BasidiocarpBasidiocarp (fruiting body) is made of a
stalk called the stipestipe and a flattened cap cap with gills called BasidiaBasidia underneath
BasidiosporesBasidiospores are found on basidia Annulus Annulus is a skirt-like ring around some
stipes VegetativeVegetative structures found below
ground5050
Fig 31.12
Nuclear fusion in basidium
Meiosis
Hyphal fusion of haploid myceliahaploid
mycelium
young basidia - the only diploid cells
mycelium and fruiting body are dikaryotic
N 2N N+N
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ASCOMYCOTAASCOMYCOTA
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Called Sac fungiSac fungi Includes Cup fungi, morels, truffles, Cup fungi, morels, truffles,
yeasts, yeasts, and mildew mildew May be plant parasites (Dutch elm (Dutch elm
disease and Chestnut blight)disease and Chestnut blight) Reproduce sexually & asexually Ascus Ascus - sac that makes ascosporesascospores in
sexual reproduction Specialized hyphae known as Ascocarps Ascocarps
contain the asci
Yeasts reproduce asexually by budding budding (buds break off to make more yeast cells)
AsexualAsexual spores called conidiaconidia form on the tips of special hyphae called conidiophoresconidiophores CONIDIACONIDIA
CONIDIA FORMATIONCONIDIA FORMATION
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YEASTS BUDDINGYEASTS BUDDING
SaccharomycesSaccharomyces
TrufflesTruffles and morelsmorels are good examples of edible ascomycetes
Penicillium mold Penicillium mold makes the antibiotic penicillin.
Some ascomycetes also gives flavor to flavor to certain cheeses.cheeses.
Saccharomyces Saccharomyces cerevesiae cerevesiae (yeast) is used to make bread rise and to ferment beer & wine.
CHYTRIDIOMYCOTACHYTRIDIOMYCOTA
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Called chytridschytrids Produce motile motile
sporesspores Mostly saprobessaprobes
and parasitesparasites in aquatic habitats
Biodegrade and Biodegrade and recycle recycle nutrients
Chytrid that attacks Chytrid that attacks PotatoesPotatoes
MYCORRHIZAMYCORRHIZA
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MYCORRHIZASMYCORRHIZAS Fungus associated with plant rootsassociated with plant roots MutualismMutualism between:
FungusFungus (nutrient & water uptake for plant)
PlantPlant (carbohydrate for fungus) Several kindskinds:
Zygomycota – hyphae invade root cells Ascomycota & Basidiomycota – hyphae
invade root but don’t penetrate cells Extremely important ecologicallyExtremely important ecologically
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LICHENSLICHENS
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LICHENSLICHENS Mutualism
between: FungusFungus (structure) Algae or Algae or
cyanobacteria cyanobacteria (provides food)
Form a thallus (body) FolioseFoliose FruticoseFruticose CrustoseCrustose
LICHEN STRUCTURELICHEN STRUCTURE
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LICHENS AS BIOMONITORSLICHENS AS BIOMONITORS Thalli act like spongesact like sponges Some species more sensitivesensitive
than others to pollutantsto pollutants Which species are present can
indicate air qualityair quality Most resistant species can also
be analyzed for pollutantspollutants
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