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@CEPS_thinktank
Labour Costs in Agriculture: Cross Country comparative analysis
Geopa-Copa Seminar, Wien, 17. May, 2018
Karolien Lenaerts and Matthias Busse
Part 1: Introduction
Overview of the project
• Financed by: The European Commission under the heading of Industrial relations and social dialogue
• Timeframe: Jan. 2018 till end of 2019
• Ambition: Comparative study on Labour Costs in Agriculture
• Challenge: Lack of (comparable) data
Survey
Public data
Existing Literature
Contrasting information across sources
Identifying reason for discrepancies
Addressing remaining gaps
Harmonizing information
Inputs Analysis
Project phases
Literature review & first Questionnaire
(part 1)
Analysis of scoping
questionnaire & review
Completion of questionnaire 1 (labour costs)
Analysis of questionnaire 1 (complete)
Questionnaire 2 (labour
organization)
Analysis of Questionnaire
2
Draft final report
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
Questionnaire 1
Labour cost structurePart A and part B
First part:1. Employment figures2. Minimum wages3. Average gross wages
• With sectoral data• Breakdown by contract type perspective
Who is counted?
LabourForce
Sole holderFamily
memberEmployee
# WorkersAWU
Responses
• Replies from 13/20 national associations
• Delivery date
• Clarity in terms of notes and explanations
Heterogeneity in units used
• Missing information in first 3 tables
• Sector breakdown
• Type of contract
Part 2: Survey results (I)
Work Force in the Agricultural Sector
Employment in the agricultural sector
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
16,0
18,0
20,0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
IE DK PT FI AT CZ ES LT IT FR HU HR
Mill
iers
Employment in the agricultural sector
Employment level (lhs) Share of labour force (rhs)
Importance of labour flexibility
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
AT DK ES FI FR HU IT LT PT
Permanent worker Occasional worker Seasonal worker
Employment trend
0
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
10.000
12.000
14.000
16.000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Declining labour inputs (AWU)
NMS EU15Note: Based on Eurostat
Distribution of labour input
2678
2478
0
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
10.000
12.000
14.000
16.000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Self-employed, family members and workers (AWU)
Non-salaried SalariedNote: Based on Eurostat
Validation exercise (I)
-
200.000
400.000
600.000
800.000
1.000.000
1.200.000
1.400.000
AT CZ DK ES FI FR HR HU IE IT LT PT SE
Employment comparison
Survey Eurostat AWU Eurostat Employees, wider Agrar
Validation exercise (II)
0
20.000
40.000
60.000
80.000
100.000
120.000
140.000
160.000
180.000
200.000
AT DK ES FI FR HU IT LT PT SE IE UK PO NL BE
Current survey Old survey 2012
PL
Part 2: Survey results (II)
Minimum Wages in the Agricultural Sector
Minimum wage setting
4
5
3
1
Law
Collective
Both
NA
Minimum wages: raw data
Gross minimum wage
Total Permanent worker Occasional worker Seasonal worker
Austria 6.78 - 9.56 7.11 -9.56 6.78 - 9.56 6.78 - 9.56
Czech Rep. 73.2 Submit later Submit later Submit later
Denmark 137.62 144.51 NA NA
Spain 23.59 NA 33.5 NA
Finland NA 9.69 8.43 8.43
France 9.88 9.88 9.88 9.88
Croatia NA NA 83.19 83.19
Hungary 794 794 NA 675
Ireland 9.55 9.55 9.55 9.55
Italy NA 6.8 7.5 6.6
Lithuania 2.45 2.45 2.45 2.45
Portugal 582 NA NA 34.4
SwedenDepend on various
factorsDepend on various
factorsDepend on various
factorsDepend on various
factors
Minimum wages: comparability
Conversion/harmonization
• Standardized in Euro
• Hours per week
• Hours per month
• Permanent vs. “total” workers
• Occasional vs. seasonal workers
• Other
Harmonized minimum wages
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
LT HU CZ ES PT AT IT* IE FI* FR DK
Gross minimum wage per hour, in EUR
*Note: Permanent worker as reference point.
Permanent vs. seasonal workers
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
AT FI FR HU* IE IT LT
Minimum wage per hour, in EUR
Permanent worker Seasonal worker
*Note: No data on permanent worker, instead total workers.
Part 2: Survey results (III)
Average Gross Wages in the Agricultural Sector
Average Gross Wage per hour, in EUR
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
AT CZ DK ES FI FR HR* HU IE IT** LT** PT SE
*Note: Average hourly net salary.**Note: Permanent worker, instead of all workers
Average gross wage over time
*2006 data based on collectively agreed wages. Exchange rate impact to be noted.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
HR* ES HU PT LT** CZ IT** IE FR FI DK AT SE
Average Gross Wage per hour, in EUR
2006 2012 Current survey
Issues on average gross wages
• Common understanding of what items are included• Overtime, holidays, payment in kind, bonuses
(determined in Questionnaire 1 remaining part)
• Addressing lack of data:• 8 (11) provide overall statistics
• 4 provide statistics on specific sectors
• 4 provide statistics by type of contract (for some)
Part 3: Outlook
Average Gross Wages in the Agricultural Sector
Going forward (I)
Completing Questionnaire 1:
• Fill gaps if possible (first 3 tables)
• Fill remaining questions
• Organizing bilateral talks (clarifications & elaborations)
The study lives from your inputs!
Going forward (II)
Discussion points:• Common understanding/terminology
• Expansion or reduction of tables?• Sectors• Occasional/seasonal worker• Posted worker
• Gross wages (open to items or 2012 report style)
• How to address lack of data
• Content of second questionnaire
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@CEPS_ThinkTank