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CURRICULUM VITAE
LAURENCE BAKER LEONARD
EDUCATION
B.A., Psychology, University of South Florida, 1969
M.S., Speech Pathology, University of South Florida, 1970
Ph.D., Speech Pathology/Psycholinguistics, University of Pittsburgh, 1973
PROFESSIONAL APPOINTMENTS
Assistant Professor, Speech Pathology, Memphis State University, 1973-1977
Associate Professor, Speech Pathology, Memphis State University, 1977-1978
Associate Professor, Speech Pathology, Purdue University, 1978-1981
Professor, Speech-Language Pathology, Purdue University, 1981-1991
Distinguished Professor, Speech-Language Pathology, Purdue University, 1991-1995
Rachel E. Stark Distinguished Professor, Purdue University, 1995-present
CLINICAL STATUS
Certified (Certificate of Clinical Competence -- Speech-Language Pathology),
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
Licensed, Speech-Language Pathology, State of Indiana
Board Certified Specialist in Child Language (BCS-CL)
GRANT SUPPORT (FEDERAL)
Principal Investigator, R01 NS16154, Lexical Factors in Specific Language Impairment, National
Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of
Health, 1980-1983.
Co-Principal Investigator (Robert Kail, Principal Investigator), R01 NS17663, Word-Finding
Problems in Language-Disordered Children, National Institute of Neurological and
Communicative Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 1981-1985.
Principal Investigator, R01 NS22395, Resolutions of Output Constraints in Early Phonology,
National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, National
Institutes of Health, 1985-1988.
Principal Investigator, R01 DC00458, Morphological Deficits in Specific Language Impairment,
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes
of Health, 1988-2011.
Principal Investigator, R01 DC04544, Grammatical Morphology in Specific Language
Impairment, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders,
National Institutes of Health, 2000-2006.
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Co-Investigator (J. Bruce Tomblin, Principal Investigator), P50 DC02746, Midwest
Collaboration on Specific Language Impairment, National Institute on Deafness and
Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, 1995-2007.
Principal Investigator (with Marc E. Fey), R01 DC009574, Input Sources of Grammatical
Deficits in Specific Language Impairment, National Institute on Deafness and Other
Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, 2009-2016.
Project Director, T32 DC00030, Communicative Disorders, National Institute on Deafness and
Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health (Institutional Training
Grant for Predoctoral and Postdoctoral Training), 2006-2017.
Principal Investigator, R21 DC013334, Sensitivity to Morphological Cues in Children with
Specific Language Impairment, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication
Disorders, National Institutes of Health, 2013-2016.
Principal Investigator, R01 DC014708, Retrieval-Based Word Learning in Specific Language
Impairment, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders,
National Institutes of Health, 2016-2021.
PUBLICATION-RELATED AWARDS AND OTHER RECOGNITION
Editor's Award for Article of Highest Merit, Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 1985 (see
Leonard, 1985)
Editor's Award for Article of Highest Merit, Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 1988 (see
Leonard & Loeb, 1988)
Alfred K. Kawana Council of Editors Award for Lifetime Achievement in Publications,
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association 1995
Editors' Award, Language, Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 1997 (see
Leonard, Eyer, Bedore, & Grela, 1997)
Fellow, Association for Psychological Science, 1995
Member, BBBP-3 Initial Review Group, National Institutes of Health 1999-2003
Honors, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association 2001 (Fellow, 1981)
Seed for Success Research Award, Purdue University 2003, 2009, 2016
Chair, Publications Board, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association 2005-2008
Sigma Xi Research Award, Purdue University 2007
Member, LCOM Initial Review Group, National Institutes of Health 2009-2013
Distinguished Alumnus Award, University of Pittsburgh, School of Health and Rehabilitative
Sciences, 2010
Outstanding Graduate Mentor Award, Purdue University, Health and Human Sciences, 2013
Legacy Laureate, University of Pittsburgh, 2013
Callier Prize, University of Texas at Dallas, 2015
Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2015
PUBLICATIONS
1971
Leonard, L. (1971). A preliminary view of information theory and articulatory omissions. Journal
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of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 36, 511-517.
Leonard, L., & Ritterman, S. (1971). Articulation of /s/ as a function of cluster and word
frequency of occurrence. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 14, 476-485.
Leonard, L., & Webb, C. (1971). An automated therapy program for articulatory correction.
Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 14, 338-344.
1972
Leonard, L. (1972). Pretherapeutic sources of interference in articulatory retention. Journal of
Communication Disorders, 5, 25-31.
Leonard, L. (1972). What is deviant language? Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 37,
427-446. (Appearing also in T. Longhurst (Ed.), Linguistic analysis of children's speech.
New York: MSS Inform. Corp., 1974)
1973
Leonard, L. (1973). The nature of deviant articulation. Journal of Speech and Hearing
Disorders, 38, 156-161. (Appearing also in C. Shewan (Ed.), Speech and hearing
disorders. New York: Harper & Row, 1978)
Leonard, L. (1973). Referential effects on articulatory learning. Language and Speech, 16, 44-
56.
Leonard, L. (1973). The role of intonation in the recall of various linguistic stimuli. Language
and Speech, 16, 327-335.
Leonard, L. (1973). Teaching by the rules. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 38, 174-
183.
1974
Leonard, L. (1974). From reflex to remark. Acta Symbolica, 5, 67-99.
Leonard, L. (1974). A preliminary view of generalization in language training. Journal of
Speech and Hearing Disorders, 39, 429-436.
1975
Leonard, L. (1975). Developmental considerations in the management of language disabled
children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 8, 232-237.
Leonard, L. (1975). Modeling as a clinical procedure in language training. Language, Speech
and Hearing Services in Schools, 6, 72-85. (Appearing also in C. Shewan (Ed.), Speech
and hearing disorders. New York: Harper & Row, 1978)
Leonard, L. (1975). On differentiating syntactic and semantic features in emerging grammars:
Evidence from empty form usage. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 4, 357-363.
Leonard, L. (1975). Relational meaning and the facilitation of slow learning children's language.
American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 80, 180-185. (Appearing also in M. Lahey
(Ed.), Selected readings in childhood language disorders. New York: John Wiley &
Sons, 1978.)
Leonard, L. (1975). The role of nonlinguistic stimuli and semantic relations in children's
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acquisition of grammatical utterances. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 19,
346-357.
1976
Leonard, L. (1976). Meaning in child language. New York: Grune & Stratton.
Leonard, L., Bolders, J., & Miller, J. (1976). An examination of the semantic relations reflected
in the language usage of normal and language disordered children. Journal of Speech and
Hearing Research, 19, 371-392. (Appearing also in M. Lahey (Ed.), Selected readings in
childhood language disorders. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1978)
Leonard, L., & Kaplan, L. (1976). A note on imitation and lexical acquisition. Journal of Child
Language, 3, 449-456.
1977
Leonard, L., Bolders, J., & Curtis, R. (1977). On the nature of children's judgments of linguistic
features: Semantic relations and grammatical morphemes. Journal of Psycholinguistic
Research, 6, 233-245.
1978
Folger, M., & Leonard, L. (1978). Language and sensorimotor development during the early
period of referential speech. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 21, 519-528.
Leonard, L. (1978). Cognitive factors in early linguistic development. In R. Schiefelbusch
(Ed.), Bases of language intervention. Baltimore: University Park Press.
Leonard, L. (1978). The phonology of deviant child language. Word, 29, 139-147.
Leonard, L., Prutting, C., Perozzi, J., & Berkley, R. (1978). Non-standardized approaches to the
assessment of language behaviors. Asha, 20, 371-379.
Leonard, L., & Schwartz, R. (1978). Focus characteristics of single-word utterances after
syntax. Journal of Child Language, 5, 151-158.
Leonard, L., Schwartz, R., Folger, M., & Wilcox, M. J. (1978). Some aspects of child
phonology in imitative and spontaneous speech. Journal of Child Language, 5, 403-416.
Leonard, L., Steckol, K., & Schwartz, R. (1978). Semantic relations and utterance length in
child language. In F. Peng & W. von Raffler-Engel (Eds.), Language acquisition and
developmental kinesics. Tokyo: Bunka Hyoron.
Leonard, L., Wilcox, M. J., Fulmer, K., & Davis, G. (1978). Understanding indirect requests:
An investigation of pragmatic meanings. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 21,
528-538.
Wilcox, M. J., Davis, G., & Leonard, L. (1978). Aphasics' comprehension of contextually
conveyed meaning. Brain and Language, 6, 362-377.
Wilcox, M. J., & Leonard, L. (1978). The experimental acquisition of wh-questions in language
disordered children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 21, 220-240.
1979
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Greenwald, C., & Leonard, L. (1979). Communicative and sensorimotor development in Down
syndrome children. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 84, 296-303.
Leonard, L. (1979). Language impairment in children. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 25, 205-232.
Leonard, L., Cole, B., & Steckol, K. (1979). Lexical usage of retarded children: An examination
of informativeness. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 84, 49-54.
Leonard, L., & Fey, M. (1979). The early lexicons of normal and language disordered children.
In N. Lass (Ed.), Speech and language: Bases in research and practice, Volume II. New
York: Academic Press.
Leonard, L., & Reid, L. (1979). Children's judgments of utterance appropriateness. Journal of
Speech and Hearing Research, 22, 500-515.
Leonard, L., Schwartz, R., Folger, M., Newhoff, M., & Wilcox, M. J. (1979). Children's
imitations of lexical items. Child Development, 50, 19-27.
Steckol, K., & Leonard, L. (1979). The use of grammatical morphemes by normal and language
impaired children. Journal of Communication Disorders, 12, 291-302.
1980
Leonard, L. (1980). Cognitive development in language impaired children. Piagetian theory and
the helping professions, Volume 9. Los Angeles: University of Southern California.
Leonard, L. (1980). The speech of language disabled children. Bulletin of the Orton Society,
30, 141-152.
Leonard, L., Miller, J. A., & Brown, H. (1980). Consonant and syllable harmony processes in
the speech of language disordered children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 45,
336-345.
Leonard, L., Newhoff, M., & Fey, M. (1980). Some instances of word usage in the absence of
comprehension. Journal of Child Language, 7, 189-196.
Leonard, L., Newhoff, M., & Mesalam, L. (1980). Individual differences in early child
phonology. Applied Psycholinguistics, 1, 7-30.
Schwartz, R., Leonard, L., Folger, M., & Wilcox, M. J. (1980). Again and again: Reduplication
in child phonology. Journal of Child Language, 7, 75-88.
Schwartz, R., Leonard, L., Folger, M., & Wilcox, M. J. (1980). Evidence for a synergistic view
of language disorders: Early phonological behavior in normal and language disordered
children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 45, 357-377.
1981
Fey, M., Leonard, L., & Wilcox, K. (1981). Speech style modifications in language disordered
children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 46, 91-96.
Leonard, L. (1981). Facilitating linguistic skills in children with specific language impairment.
Applied Psycholinguistics, 2, 89-118.
Leonard, L., Fey, M., & Newhoff, M. (1981). Phonological considerations in children's early
imitative and spontaneous speech. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 10, 123-133.
Leonard, L., Schwartz, R., Morris, B., & Chapman, K. (1981). Factors influencing early lexical
acquisition: Lexical orientation and phonological composition. Child Development, 52,
882-887.
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Steckol, K., & Leonard, L. (1981). Sensorimotor development and the use of prelinguistic
performatives. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 24, 262-268.
1982
Leonard, L. (1982). Defining the boundaries of language disorders in children. In J. Miller, D.
Yoder, & R. Schiefelbusch (Eds.), Contemporary issues in language intervention. ASHA
Reports 12.
Leonard, L. (1982). Language disorders in preschool children. In G. Shames & E. Wiig (Eds.),
Human communication disorders: An introduction. Columbus, Ohio: Charles Merrill.
(Second Edition, 1986, Third Edition, 1989, Fourth Edition, 1994).
Leonard, L. (1982). The nature of specific language impairment. In S. Rosenberg (Ed.),
Handbook of applied psycholinguistics. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Leonard, L. (1982). Phonological deficits in children with developmental language impairment.
Brain and Language, 16, 73-86.
Leonard, L., Camarata, S., Rowan, L., & Chapman, K. (1982). The communicative functions of
lexical usage by language impaired children. Applied Psycholinguistics, 3, 109-125.
Leonard, L., Rowan, L., Morris, B., & Fey, M. (1982). Intra-word phonological variability in
young children. Journal of Child Language, 9, 55-70.
Leonard, L., Schwartz, R., Chapman, K., Rowan, L., Prelock, P., Terrell, B., Weiss, A., & Messick,
C. (1982). Early lexical acquisition in children with specific language impairment. Journal
of Speech and Hearing Research, 25, 554-564.
Nippold, M., Leonard, L., & Anastopoulos, A. (1982). Development in the use and
understanding of polite forms in children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 25,
193-210.
Schwartz, R., & Leonard, L. (1982). Do children pick and choose: An examination of
phonological selection and avoidance in early lexical acquisition. Journal of Child
Language, 9, 319-336.
1983
Chapman, K., Leonard, L., Rowan, L., & Weiss, A. (1983). Inappropriate word extensions in
the speech of young language disordered children. Journal of Speech and Hearing
Disorders, 48, 55-62.
Fey, M., & Leonard, L. (1983). Pragmatic skills in children with specific language impairment.
In T. Gallagher & C. Prutting (Eds.), Pragmatic assessment and intervention issues in
language. San Diego: College-Hill Press.
Leonard, L. (1983). Speech selection and modification in language-disordered children. Topics
in Language Disorders, 4, 28-37. (Invited)
Leonard, L., Chapman, K., Rowan, L., & Weiss, A. (1983). Three hypotheses concerning young
children's imitations of lexical items. Developmental Psychology, 19, 591-601.
Leonard, L., Nippold, M., Kail, R., & Hale, C. (1983). Picture naming in language-impaired
children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 26, 609-615.
Leonard, L., Steckol, K., & Panther, K. (1983). Returning meaning to semantic relations: Some
clinical applications. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 48, 25-36.
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Leonard, L., & Weiss, A. (1983). Application of nonstandardized assessment procedures to
diverse linguistic populations. Topics in Language Disorders, 3, 35-45. (Invited)
Newhoff, M., & Leonard, L. (1983). Diagnosis of developmental language disorders. In B.
Weinberg & I. Meitus (Eds.), An introduction to diagnosis of speech and language
disorders. Baltimore: University Park Press.
Rowan, L., Leonard, L., Chapman, K., & Weiss, A. (1983). Performative and presuppositional
skills in language disordered and normal children. Journal of Speech and Hearing
Research, 26, 97-106.
Schwartz, R., & Leonard, L. (1983). Some further comments on reduplication in child
phonology. Journal of Child Language, 10, 441-448.
Umstead, R. S., & Leonard, L. (1983). Children's resolution of pronominal reference in text.
First Language, 4, 73-84.
Weiss, A., Leonard, L., Rowan, L., & Chapman, K. (1983). Linguistic and non-linguistic
features of style in normal and language impaired children. Journal of Speech and
Hearing Disorders, 48, 154-164.
1984
Fey, M., & Leonard, L. (1984). Partner age as a variable in the conversational performance of
specifically language-impaired and normal language children. Journal of Speech and
Hearing Research, 27, 413-423.
Kail, R., Hale, C., Leonard, L., & Nippold, M. (1984). Lexical storage and retrieval in language-
impaired children. Applied Psycholinguistics, 5, 37-49.
Leonard, L. (1984). Normal language acquisition: Some recent findings and clinical
implications. In A. Holland (Ed.), Language disorders in children. San Diego: College-
Hill Press.
Leonard, L. (1984). Semantic considerations in early language training. In K. Ruder & M.
Smith (Eds.), Developmental language intervention. Baltimore: University Park Press.
Leonard, L., & Brown, B. (1984). The nature and boundaries of phonologic categories: A case
study of an unusual phonologic pattern in a language impaired child. Journal of Speech
and Hearing Disorders, 49, 419-428.
Nippold, M., Leonard, L., & Kail, R. (1984). Syntactic and conceptual factors in children's
understanding of metaphors. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 27, 197-205.
Schwartz, R., & Leonard, L. (1984). Words, objects and actions in early lexical acquisition.
Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 27, 119-127
1985
Leonard, L. (1985). Unusual and subtle phonological behavior in the speech of phonologically-
disordered children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 50, 4-13. (1985 Editor's
Award: Article of Highest Merit)
Leonard, L., Camarata, S., Schwartz, R., Chapman, K., & Messick, C. (1985). Homonymy and
the voiced-voiceless distinction in the speech of children with specific language
impairment. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 28, 215-224.
Leonard, L., & Leonard, J. (1985). The contribution of phonetic context to an unusual
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phonological pattern: A case study. Language, Speech and Hearing Services in Schools,
16, 110-118.
Leonard, L., & Schwartz, R. (1985). Early linguistic development in children with specific
language impairment. In K. E. Nelson (Ed.), Children's language, Volume 5. Hillsdale,
NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Schwartz, R., & Leonard, L. (1985). Lexical imitation and acquisition in language impaired
children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 50, 141-149.
Weiss, A., Carney, A., & Leonard, L. (1985). Perceived contrastive stress production in
hearing-impaired and normal-hearing children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research,
28, 26-35.
1986
Brown, B., & Leonard, L. (1986). Lexical influences on children's early positional patterns.
Journal of Child Language, 13, 219-229.
Camarata, S., & Leonard, L. (1986). Young children pronounce object words more accurately
than action words. Journal of Child Language, 13, 51-65.
Chapman, K., Leonard, L., & Mervis, C. B. (1986). The effects of feedback on young children's
inappropriate word usage. Journal of Child Language, 13, 101-117.
Kail, R., & Leonard, L. (1986). Sources of word-finding problems in language-impaired
children. In S. Ceci (Ed.), Handbook of cognitive, social, and neuropsychological aspects
of learning disabilities: Volume 1. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Kail, R., & Leonard, L. (1986). Word-finding abilities in language-impaired children. ASHA
Monographs, 25.
Leonard, L. (1986). Conversational replies of children with specific language impairment.
Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 29, 114-119.
1987
Bolesta, M., & Leonard, L. (1987). Linguistic context and children's recall in a probe word task.
Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 16, 1-9.
Leonard, L. (1987). Lexical development and processing in specific language impairment. In L.
Lloyd & R. Schiefelbusch (Eds.), Language perspectives II. Austin: Pro-Ed.
Leonard, L. (1987). Is specific language impairment a useful construct? In S. Rosenberg (Ed.),
Advances in applied psycholinguistics, Volume 1: Disorders of first-language
development. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Leonard, L., Devescovi, A., & Ossella, T. (1987). Context-sensitive phonological patterns in
children with poor intelligibility. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 3, 125-132.
Leonard, L., Sabbadini, L., Leonard, J., & Volterra, V. (1987). Specific language impairment in
children: A crosslinguistic study. Brain and Language, 32, 233-252.
Leonard, L., Schwartz, R., Swanson, L., & Loeb, D. (1987). Some conditions that promote
unusual phonological behavior in children. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 1, 23-34.
Sabbadini, L., Volterra, V., Leonard, L., & Campagnoli-Golgi, M. (1987). Bambini con disturbo
specifico del linguaggio: Aspetti morfologici. Giornale di Neuropsichiatria dell'Età
Evolutiva, 7, 213-222.
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Schwartz, R., Leonard, L., Loeb, D., & Swanson, L. (1987). Attempted sounds are sometimes
not: An expanded view of phonological selection and avoidance. Journal of Child
Language, 14, 411-418.
Schwartz, R., Leonard, L., Messick, C., & Chapman, K. (1987). The acquisition of object names
in children with specific language impairment: Action context and word extension.
Applied Psycholinguistics, 8, 233-244.
1988
Ihns, M., & Leonard, L. (1988). Syntactic categories in early child language: Some additional
data. Journal of Child Language, 15, 673-678.
Leonard, L., & Loeb, D. (1988). Government-binding theory and some of its applications: A
tutorial. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 31, 515-524. (1988 Editor's Award:
Article of Highest Merit)
Leonard, L., Sabbadini, L., Volterra, V., & Leonard, J. (1988). Some influences on the grammar
of English- and Italian-speaking children with specific language impairment. Applied
Psycholinguistics, 9, 39-57.
Loeb, D. F., & Leonard, L. (1988). Specific language impairment and parameter theory.
Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 2, 317-327.
1989
Leonard, L. (1989). Language learnability and specific language impairment in children.
Applied Psycholinguistics, 10, 179-202.
Leonard, L., Schwartz, R., Allen, G., Swanson, L., & Loeb, D. (1989). Unusual phonological
behavior and the avoidance of homonymy in children. Journal of Speech and Hearing
Research, 32, 583-590.
McGregor, K., & Leonard, L. (1989). Facilitating word-finding skills of language-impaired
children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 54, 141-147.
Raghavendra, P., & Leonard, L. (1989). The acquisition of agglutinating languages: Converging
evidence from Tamil. Journal of Child Language, 16,313-322.
1990
Leonard, L. (1990). Interpreting treatment data. Comments on the Warren and Bambara,
Goldstein and Mousetis, and Scherer and Olswang papers. In L. Olswang, C. Thompson,
S. Warren, & N. Minghetti (Eds.), Treatment efficacy research in communication
disorders. Rockville, MD: American Speech Language-Hearing Foundation.
Leonard, L. (1990). The crosslinguistic study of language-impaired children. In J. Miller (Ed.),
Research on child language disorders. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
Rom, A., & Leonard, L. (1990). Interpreting deficits in grammatical morphology in
specifically-language-impaired children: Preliminary evidence from Hebrew. Clinical
Linguistics and Phonetics, 4, 93-105.
1991
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Bortolini, U., & Leonard, L. (1991). The speech of phonologically-disordered children
acquiring Italian. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 5, 1-12.
Leonard, L. (1991). Early emergence as a diagnostic for innateness. Behavioral and Brain
Sciences, 14, 625-626. (Invited Commentary)
Leonard, L. (1991). New trends in the study of early language acquisition. Asha, 33, 43-44.
Leonard, L. (1991). Specific language impairment as a clinical category. Language, Speech, and
Hearing Services in Schools, 22, 66-68.
Leonard, L. (1991). A closer look at explanation in the study of specific language impairment:
The author's reply to the commentaries. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in
Schools, 22, 88.
Leonard, L., & Fey, M. (1991). Facilitating grammatical development: The contribution of
pragmatics. In T. Gallagher (Ed.), Pragmatics: Assessment and intervention issues. San
Diego: Singular Publishing.
Leonard, L., & McGregor, K. (1991). Unusual phonological patterns and their underlying
representations: A case study. Journal of Child Language, 18, 261-271.
Loeb, D.F., & Leonard, L. (1991). Subject case marking and verb morphology in normally-
developing and specifically-language-impaired children. Journal of Speech and Hearing
Research, 34, 340-346.
1992
Leonard, L. (1992). Intervention approaches for young children with communicative disorders.
In N. Anastasiow & S. Harel (Eds.), At-risk infants: Interventions, families, and research.
Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.
Leonard, L. (1992). Language-impaired children's processing of morphology: Preliminary data
from three tasks. Scandinavian Journal of Logopedics and Phoniatrics, 17, 31-35.
Leonard, L. (1992). Models of phonological development and children with phonological
disorders. In C. Ferguson, L. Menn, & C. Stoel-Gammon (Eds.), Phonological
development. Parkston, MD: York Press.
Leonard, L. (1992). The use of morphology by children with specific language impairment:
Evidence from three languages. In R. Chapman (Ed.), Processes in language acquisition
and disorders. St. Louis: Mosby-Yearbook.
Leonard, L., Bortolini, U., Caselli, M. C., McGregor, K., & Sabbadini, L. (1992). Morphological
deficits in children with specific language impairment: The status of features in the
underlying grammar. Language Acquisition, 2, 151-179.
Leonard, L., McGregor, K., & Allen, G. (1992). Grammatical morphology and speech
perception in children with specific language impairment. Journal of Speech and Hearing
Research, 35, 1076-1085.
Swanson, L., Leonard, L., & Gandour, J. (1992). Vowel duration in mothers' speech to young
children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 35, 617-625.
1993
Caselli, M. C., Leonard, L., Volterra, V., & Campagnoli, M. G. (1993). Toward mastery of
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Italian morphology: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Child Language, 20, 377-393.
Dromi, E., Leonard, L., & Shteiman, M. (1993). The grammatical morphology of Hebrew-
speaking children with specific language impairment: Some competing hypotheses.
Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 36, 760-771.
Le Normand, M. T., Leonard, L., & McGregor, K. (1993). A crosslinguistic study of article use
by children with specific language impairment. European Journal of Disorders of
Communication, 28, 153-163.
Leonard, L. (1993). Children with specific language impairment (developmental dysphasia):
Treatment. In G. Blanken, J. Dittman, H. Grimm, J. Marshall, & C. Wallesch (Eds.),
Linguistic disorders and pathologies: An international handbook. Berlin: Walter de
Gruyter.
Leonard, L. (1993). Research mentorship and training strategies. In N. Minghetti, J. Cooper, H.
Goldstein, L. Olswang, & S. Warren (Eds.), Research mentorship and training in
communication sciences and disorders. Rockville, MD: ASHF.
Leonard, L., Bortolini, U., Caselli, M. C., & Sabbadini, L. (1993). The use of articles by Italian-
speaking children with specific language impairment. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics,
7, 19-27.
1994
Bedore, L., Leonard, L., & Gandour, J. (1994). The substitution of a click for sibilants: A case
study. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 8, 283-293.
Caselli, M. C., Brutti, G., Golgi, M. G., & Leonard, L. (1994). Produzione e comprensione di
alcuni aspetti grammaticali dell'italiano in bambini fra i 2 anni e mezzo e i 5 anni.
Giornale Italiano di Psicologia, 21, 789-811.
Eyer, J., & Leonard, L. (1994). Learning past tense morphology with specific language
impairment: A case study. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 10, 127-138.
Leonard, L. (1994). Language disorders in the preschool years. American Journal Speech-
Language Pathology, 3, 24-26.
Leonard, L. (1994). Some problems facing accounts of morphological deficits in children with
specific language impairment. In R. Watkins & M. Rice (Eds.), Specific language
impairments in children: Current directions in research and intervention. Baltimore:
Paul H. Brookes.
Leonard, L., & Dromi, E. (1994). The use of Hebrew verb morphology by children with specific
language impairment and children developing language normally. First Language, 14,
283-304.
McGregor, K., & Leonard, L. (1994). Subject pronoun and article omissions in the speech of
children with specific language impairment: A phonological interpretation. Journal of
Speech and Hearing Research, 37, 171-181.
Swanson, L., & Leonard, L. (1994). The duration of function-word vowels in mothers' speech to
young children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 37, 1394-1405.
1995
Bedore, L., & Leonard, L. (1995). Prosodic and syntactic bootstrapping and their clinical
12
applications: A tutorial. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 4, 66-72.
Eyer, J., & Leonard, L. (1995). Functional categories and specific language impairment: A case
study. Language Acquisition, 4, 177-203.
Leonard, L. (1995). Functional categories in the grammars of children with specific language
impairment. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 38, 1270-1283.
Leonard, L. (1995). Phonological impairment in children. In P. Fletcher & B. MacWhinney,
(Eds.), Handbook of child language. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell.
Leonard, L., & Sabbadini, L. (1995). Bambini con disturbo specifico del linguaggio. In G.
Sabbadini (Ed.), Manuale di neuropsicologia dell'età evolutiva (pp. 357-379). Bologna,
Italy: Zanichelli.
McGregor, K., & Leonard, L. (1995). Intervention for word-finding deficits in children. In M.
Fey, J. Windsor, & S. Warren (Eds.), Language intervention: Preschool through the
elementary years. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.
Sabbadini, L., & Leonard, L. (1995). Criteri per la valutazione dei disturbi del linguaggio. In G.
Sabbadini (Ed.), Manuale di neuropsicologia dell'età evolutiva (pp. 379-405). Bologna,
Italy: Zanichelli.
1996
Bortolini, U., & Leonard, L. (1996). Phonology and grammatical morphology in specific
language impairment: Accounting for individual variation in English and Italian.
Applied Psycholinguistics, 17, 85-104.
Clarke, M., & Leonard, L. (1996). Lexical comprehension and grammatical deficits in children
with specific language impairment. Journal of Communication Disorders, 29, 95-105.
Leonard, L. (1996). Characterizing specific language impairment: A crosslinguistic perspective.
In M. Rice (Ed.), Toward a genetics of language (pp. 243-256). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates.
Leonard, L. (1996). Morphosyntax in the clinical setting. In D. McDaniel, C. McKee, & H.
Cairns (Eds.), Measuring children's syntax (pp. 287-302). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Leonard, L., & Eyer, J. (1996). Deficits of grammatical morphology in children with specific
language impairment and their implications for notions of bootstrapping. In J. Morgan &
K. Demuth (Eds.), Signal to syntax (pp. 233-247). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates.
Leonard, L., & Eyer, J. (1996). Language assessment and linguistic theory. In P. Dale, K. Cole,
& D. Thal (Eds.), New trends in language assessment (pp. 97-120). Baltimore: Paul H.
Brookes.
1997
Bortolini, U., Caselli, M. C., & Leonard, L. (1997). Grammatical deficits in Italian-speaking
children with specific language impairment. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research,
40, 809-820.
Dromi, E., Leonard, L., & Adam, G. (1997). Evaluating the morphological abilities of Hebrew-
speaking children with SLI. Amsterdam Series in Child Language Development, 6,
65-78.
13
Grela, B., & Leonard, L. (1997). The use of subject arguments by children with specific
language impairment. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 11, 443-453.
Leonard, L., Eyer, J., Bedore, L., & Grela, B. (1997). Three accounts of the grammatical
morpheme difficulties of English-speaking children with specific language impairment.
Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 40, 741-753.
Roberts, S., & Leonard, L. (1997). Grammatical deficits in German and English: A
crosslinguistic study of children with specific language impairment. First Language, 17,
131-150.
1998
Bedore, L., & Leonard, L. (1998). Specific language impairment and grammatical
morphology: A discriminant function analysis. Journal of Speech, Language, and
Hearing Research, 41, 1185-1192.
Bortolini, U., Leonard, L., & Caselli, M. C. (1998). Specific language impairment in Italian and
English: Evaluating alternative accounts of grammatical deficits. Language and
Cognitive Processes, 13, 1-20.
Leonard, L. (1998). Children with specific language impairment. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Leonard, L. (1998). The study of language acquisition across languages. In O. Taylor & L.
Leonard (Eds.). Language acquisition in North America: Crosscultural and
crosslinguistics perspectives (pp. 3-18). San Diego: Singular Publishing.
Leonard, L. (1998). Verso una spiegazione dei disturbi di linguaggio nei bambini: Il valore dello
studio crosslinguistico. Psicologia Clinica dello Sviluppo, 2, 453-462.
Leonard, L., & Bortolini, U. (1998). Grammatical morphology and the role of weak syllables
in the speech of Italian-speaking children with specific language impairment. Journal of
Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 41, 1363-1374.
Miller, C., & Leonard, L. (1998). Deficits in finite verb morphology: Some assumptions in
recent accounts of specific language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and
Hearing Research, 41, 701-707
Montgomery, J., & Leonard, L. (1998). Real-time inflectional processing by children with
specific language impairment: Effects of phonetic substance. Journal of Speech,
Language, and Hearing Research, 41 1432-1443.
1999
Dromi, E., Leonard, L., Adam, G., & Zadunaisky-Ehrlich, S. (1999). Verb agreement
morphology in Hebrew-speaking children with specific language impairment. Journal of
Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 42, 1414-1431.
Hsieh, L., Leonard, L., & Swanson, L. (1999). Some differences between English plural noun
inflections and third singular verb inflections in the input: The contributions of
frequency, sentence position, and duration. Journal of Child Language, 26, 531-543.
Leonard, L. (1999). Understanding grammatical deficits in children with specific language
impairment: The evaluation of productivity. In L. Menn & N. Bernstein Ratner (Eds.),
Methods for studying language production (pp. 333-352). Mahwaw, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum.
14
Leonard, L., Miller, C., & Gerber, E. (1999). Grammatical morphology and the lexicon in
children with specific language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing
Research, 42, 678-689.
2000
Bedore, L., & Leonard, L. (2000). The effects of inflectional variation on fast mapping of verbs
in English and Spanish. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 43, 21-33.
Bortolini, U., & Leonard, L. (2000). Phonology and children with specific language impairment:
The status of structural constraints in two languages. Journal of Communication
Disorders, 33, 131-150.
Grela, B., & Leonard, L. (2000). The influence of argument structure complexity on the use
of auxiliary verbs by children with SLI. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing
Research, 43, 1115-1125.
Hansson, K., Nettelbladt, U., & Leonard, L. (2000). Specific language impairment in Swedish:
The status of verb morphology and word order. Journal of Speech, Language, and
Hearing Research, 43, 848-864.
Leonard, L. (2000). Specific language impairment across languages. In D. Bishop & L. Leonard,
(Eds.), Speech and language impairments in children: Causes, characteristics,
intervention, and outcome (pp. 115-129). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
Leonard, L. (2000). Theories of language learning and children with specific language
impairment. In M. Perkins & S. Howard (Eds.), New directions in language development
(pp. 1-5). New York: Plenum.
Leonard, L., Dromi, E., Adam, G., & Zadunaisky-Ehrlich, S. (2000). Tense and finiteness in the
speech of children with specific language impairment acquiring Hebrew. International
Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 35, 319-335.
Leonard, L., Miller, C., Grela, B., Holland, A., Gerber, E., & Petucci, M. (2000). Production
operations contribute to the grammatical morpheme limitations of children with specific
language impairment. Journal of Memory and Language, 43, 362-378.
Leonard, L., Miller, C., & Owen, A. (2000). The comprehension of verb agreement
morphology by English-speaking children with specific language impairment. Clinical
Linguistics and Phonetics, 14, 465-481.
2001
Bedore, L., & Leonard, L. (2001). Grammatical morphology deficits in Spanish-speaking
children with specific language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing
Research, 44, 905-924.
Leonard, L. (2001). Fillers across languages and language abilities. Journal of Child
Language, 28, 257-261.
Leonard, L., Salameh, E. K., & Hansson, K. (2001). Noun phrase morphology in Swedish-
speaking children with specific language impairment. Applied Psycholinguistics, 22,
619-639.
15
Miller, C., Kail, R., Leonard, L., & Tomblin, J. B. (2001). Speed of processing in children
with specific language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research,
44, 416-433.
Owen, A., Dromi, E., & Leonard, L. (2001). The phonology-morphology interface in the speech
of Hebrew-speaking children with specific language impairment. Journal of
Communication Disorders, 34, 323-337.
2002
Bortolini, U., Caselli, M. C., Deevy, P., & Leonard, L. (2002). Specific language impairment in
Italian: First steps in the search of a clinical marker. International Journal of Language
and Communication Disorders, 37, 77-93.
Catts, H., Gillispie, M., Leonard, L., Kail, R., & Miller, C. (2002). The role of speed of
processing, rapid naming, and phonological awareness in reading achievement. Journal of
Learning Disabilities, 35, 509-524.
Eyer, J., Leonard, L., Bedore, L., McGregor, K., Anderson, B., & Viescas, R. (2002). Fast
mapping of verbs by children with specific language impairment. Clinical Linguistics and
Phonetics, 16, 59-77.
Leonard, L., Caselli, M. C., & Devescovi, A. (2002). Italian children’s use of verb and noun
morphology during the preschool years. First Language, 22, 287-304.
Leonard, L., Miller, C., Deevy, P., Rauf, L., Gerber, E., & Charest, M. (2002). Production
operations and the use of nonfinite verbs by children with specific language impairment.
Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 45, 744-758.
Owen, A., & Leonard, L. (2002). Lexical diversity in the spontaneous speech of children with
specific language impairment: Application of D. Journal of Speech, Language, and
Hearing Research, 45, 927-937.
Svirsky, M., Stallings, L., Lento, C., Ying, E., & Leonard, L. (2002). Grammatical morphologic
development in pediatric cochlear implant users may be affected by the perceptual
prominence of the relevant markers. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology,
Supplement 189, 111, 109-112.
2003
Hansson, K., & Leonard, L. (2003). The use and productivity of verb morphology in specific
language impairment: An examination of Swedish. Linguistics, 41, 351-379.
Hansson, K., Nettelbladt, U., & Leonard, L. (2003). Indefinite articles and definite forms in
Swedish children with specific language impairment. First Language, 23, 343-362.
Leonard, L. (2003). Specific language impairment: Characterizing the deficit. In Y. Levy & J.
Schaeffer (Eds.), Towards a definition of SLI (pp. 209-231). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum.
Leonard, L., Deevy, P., Miller, C., Rauf, L., Charest, M., & Kurtz, R. (2003). Surface forms
and grammatical functions: Past tense and passive participle use by children with specific
language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 46, 43-55.
Leonard, L., Deevy, P., Miller, C., Charest, M., Kurtz, R., & Rauf, L. (2003). The use of
grammatical morphemes reflecting aspect and modality by children with specific
16
language impairment. Journal of Child Language, 30, 769-795.
Leonard, L., & Finneran, D. (2003). Grammatical morpheme effects on MLU: “The same can be
less” revisited. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 46, 878-888.
2004
Charest, M., & Leonard, L. (2004). Predicting tense: Finite verb morphology and subject
pronouns in the speech of typically developing children and children with SLI. Journal of
Child Language, 31, 231-246.
Deevy, P., & Leonard, L. (2004). The comprehension of wh-questions in children with specific
language impairment. Journal of Speech-Language-Hearing Research, 47, 802-815.
Leonard, L. (2004). Exploring the phenotype of specific language impairment: A look at
grammatical variability. In L. Jenkins (Eds.), Variation and universals in biolinguistics
(pp. 285-298). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Leonard, L. (2004). Foreword. In J. Paradis, F. Genesee, & M. Crago, Dual language
development and disorders (pp. xiii-xiv). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.
Leonard, L. (2004). Specific language impairment in children. In R. Kent (Ed.), The MIT
Encyclopedia of Communication Disorders (pp. 402-405). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Leonard, L., Camarata, S., Brown, B., & Camarata, M. (2004). Tense and agreement in the
speech of children with specific language impairment: Patterns of generalization through
intervention. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 47, 1363-1379.
Leonard, L., & Deevy, P. (2004). Lexical deficits in specific language impairment. In L.
Verhoeven & H. van Balkom (Eds.), Classification of developmental language disorders
(pp. 209-233). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Wong, A. M.-Y., Leonard, L., Fletcher, P., & Stokes, S. (2004). Questions without movement: A
study of Cantonese-speaking children with and without specific language impairment.
Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 47, 1440-1453.
2005
Bedore, L., & Leonard, L. (2005). Verb inflections and noun phrase morphology in the
spontaneous speech of Spanish-speaking children with specific language impairment.
Applied Psycholinguistics, 26, 195-225.
Fletcher, P., Leonard, L., Stokes, S., & Wong, A. M.-Y. (2005). The expression of aspect in
Cantonese-speaking children with specific language impairment. Journal of Speech,
Language, and Hearing Research, 48, 621-634.
Leonard, L., Hansson, K., Nettelbladt, U., & Deevy, P. (2005). Children with specific
language impairment in English and Swedish: A crosslinguistic study. Language
Acquisition, 12, 219-246.
2006
Bortolini, U., Arfé, B., Caselli, M. C., Degasperi, L., Deevy, P., & Leonard, L. (2006).Clinical
markers for specific language impairment in Italian: The contribution of clitics and
nonword repetition. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 41,
17
695-712.
Leonard, L., Camarata, S., Pawlowska, M., Brown, B., & Camarata, M. (2006). Tense and
agreement morphemes in the speech of children with specific language impairment
during intervention: Phase II. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 49,
749-770.
Leonard, L., Wong, A. M.-Y., Deevy, P., Stokes, S., & Fletcher, P. (2006). The production of
passives by children with specific language impairment acquiring English or Cantonese.
Applied Psycholinguistics, 27, 267-299.
Leonard, L., & Deevy, P. (2006). Cognitive and linguistic issues in the study of children with
specific language impairment. In M. Traxler & M. A. Gernsbacher (Eds.), Handbook of
psycholinguistics (pp. 1143-1171). (Second Edition). London: Academic Press.
Miller, C., Leonard, L., Kail, R., Zhang, X., Tomblin, J. B., & Francis, D. (2006). Response
time in fourteen-year-olds with language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and
Hearing Research, 49, 713-728.
Montgomery, J., & Leonard, L. (2006). Effects of acoustic manipulation on the real-time
inflectional processing of children with specific language impairment. Journal of Speech,
Language, and Hearing Research, 49, 1238-1256.
Owen, A., & Leonard, L. (2006). The production of finite and nonfinite complement clauses
by children with specific language impairment and their typically developing peers.
Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 49, 548-571.
Polite, E. J., & Leonard, L. (2006). Finite verb morphology and phonological length in the
speech of children with specific language impairment. Clinical Linguistics and
Phonetics, 20, 751-760.
Stokes, S., Wong, A. M.-Y., Fletcher, P., & Leonard, L. (2006). Nonword repetition and
sentence repetition as clinical markers of SLI: The case of Cantonese. Journal of Speech,
Language, and Hearing Research, 49, 219-236.
2007
Krantz, L., & Leonard, L. (2007). The effect of temporal adverbials on past tense production by
children with specific language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing
Research, 50, 137-148.
Leonard, L. (2007). Foreword. In A. Kamhi, J. Masterson, & K. Apel, Clinical decision making
in developmental language disorders (pp. xv-xvi). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.
Leonard, L. (2007). Predicting language ability in five-year-olds with autism spectrum disorders:
Some promising evidence. [Abstract]. Evidence Based Communication Assessment and
Intervention, 1, 200-201. Abstract of Thurm, A., Lord, C., Lee, L.-C., & Newschaeffer, C.
(2007). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 1721-1734.
Leonard, L. (2007). Processing limitations and the grammatical profile of children with specific
language impairment. In R. Kail (Ed.), Advances in Child Development and Behavior,
Volume 35 (pp. 139-171). New York: Elsevier.
Leonard, L., Davis, J., & Deevy, P. (2007). Phonotactic probability and past tense use by children
with specific language impairment and their typically developing peers. Clinical
Linguistics and Phonetics, 21, 747-758.
Leonard, L., Deevy, P., Kurtz, R., Krantz, L., Owen, A., Polite, E., Elam, D., & Finneran, D.
18
(2007). Lexical aspect and the use of verb morphology by children with specific language
impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 50, 759-777.
Leonard, L., Deevy, P., Wong, A. M.-Y., Stokes, S., & Fletcher, P. (2007). Modal verbs with and
without tense: A study of English- and Cantonese-speaking children with specific
language impairment. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders,
42, 209-228.
Leonard, L., Ellis Weismer, S., Miller, C., Francis, D., Tomblin, J. B., & Kail, R. V. (2007).
Speed of processing, working memory, and language impairment in children. Journal of
Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 50, 408-428.
Owen, A., & Leonard, L. (2007). The overgeneralization of nonfinite complements to finite
contexts: The case of decide. Journal of Child Language, 34, 545-570.
Polite, E., & Leonard, L., (2007). A method for assessing the use of first person verb forms by
preschool-aged children with SLI. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 23, 353-366.
2008
Leonard, L., Camarata, S., Pawłowska, M., Brown, B., & Camarata, M. (2008). The
acquisition of tense and agreement morphemes by children with specific language
impairment during intervention: Phase 3. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing
Research, 51, 120-125.
Miller, C., Leonard, L., & Finneran, D. (2008). Grammaticality judgements in adolescents with
and without language impairment. International Journal of Language and Communication
Disorders, 43, 346-360.
Pawłowska, M., Leonard, L., Camarata, S., Brown, B., & Camarata, M. (2008). Factors
accounting for the ability of children with SLI to learn agreement morphemes in
intervention. Journal of Child Language, 35, 25-53.
2009
Finneran, D., Francis, A., & Leonard, L. (2009). Sustained attention in children with specific
language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 52, 915-929.
Finneran, D., Leonard, L., & Miller, C. (2009). Speech disruptions in the sentence formulation of
school-age children with specific language impairment. International Journal of Language
and Communication Disorders, 44, 271-286.
Fletcher, P., Leonard, L., Stokes, S., & Wong, A. (2009). Morphosyntactic deficits in Cantonese-
speaking children with specific language impairment. In S.-P. Law, B. Weekes, & A.
Wong (Eds.), Language disorders in speakers of Chinese (pp. 75-88). Bristol, UK:
Multilingual Matters.
Leonard, L. (2009). Cross-linguistic studies of child language disorders. In R. Schwartz (Ed.),
Handbook of child language disorders (pp. 308-324). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Leonard, L. (2009). Language symptoms and their possible sources in specific language
impairment. In E. Bavin (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of child language (pp. 433-446).
Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Leonard, L. (2009). Is expressive language disorder an accurate diagnostic category? American
Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 18, 115-123.
19
Leonard, L. (2009). Some reflections on the study of children with specific language impairment.
Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 25, 169-171.
Leonard, L., Miller, C., & Finneran, D. (2009). Grammatical morpheme effects on sentence
processing by school-aged adolescents with specific language impairment. Language and
Cognitive Processes, 24, 450-478.
Lukács, Á., Leonard, L., Kas, B., & Pléh, C. (2009). The use of tense and agreement by
Hungarian-speaking children with language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language,
and Hearing Research, 52, 98-117.
2010
Deevy, P., Weil, L., Leonard, L., & Goffman, L. (2010). Extending use of the NRT to preschool-
aged children with and without specific language impairment. Language, Speech, and
Hearing Services in Schools, 41, 277-288.
Finneran, D., & Leonard, L. (2010). The role of linguistic input in third person singular –s use in
the speech of young children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 53,
1065-1074.
Hassink, J., & Leonard, L. (2010). Within-treatment factors as predictors of outcomes following
conversational recasting. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 19, 213-224.
Leonard, L. (2010). Language combinations, subtypes, and severity in the study of bilingual
children with specific language impairment. Applied Psycholinguistics, 31, 310-315.
Leonard, L. (2010). Specific language impairment. In P. Hogan (Ed.), The Cambridge
encyclopedia of the language sciences (pp. 785-786). Cambridge, England: Cambridge
University Press.
Leonard, L., & Deevy, P. (2010). Tense and aspect in sentence interpretation by children with
specific language impairment. Journal of Child Language, 37, 395-418.
Lukács, Á., Leonard, L., & Kas, B. (2010). The use of noun morphology by children with
language impairment: The case of Hungarian. International Journal of Language and
Communication Disorders, 45, 145-161.
Weber-Fox, C., Leonard, L., Hampton Wray, A., & Tomblin, J. B. (2010). Electrophysiological
correlates of rapid auditory and linguistic processing in adolescents with specific
language impairment. Brain and Language, 115, 162-181.
Wong, A. M.-Y., Klee, T., Stokes, P., Fletcher, P., Leonard, L. (2010). Differentiating
Cantonese-speaking preschool children with and without SLI using MLU and lexical
diversity (D). Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 53, 794-799.
2011
Dispaldro, M., Deevy, P., Altoé, G., Benelli, B., & Leonard, L. (2011). A cross-linguistic study
of real-word and non-word repetition as predictors of grammatical competence in
children with typical language development. International Journal of Language and
Communication Disorders, 46, 564-578.
Kunnari, S., Savinainen-Makkonen, T., Leonard, L., Mäkinen, L., Tolonen, A.-K., Luotonen, M.,
& Leinonen, E. (2011). Children with specific language impairment in Finnish: The use
of tense and agreement inflections. Journal of Child Language, 38, 999-1027.
20
Leonard, L. (2011). Foreword. In J. Paradis, F. Genesee, & M. Crago, Dual language
development and disorders, Second Edition (pp. xiii-xiv). Baltimore, MD: Paul H.
Brookes.
Leonard, L. (2011). The primacy of priming in grammatical development and intervention: A
tutorial. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 54, 608-621.
Leonard, L., & Deevy, P. (2011). Input distribution influences degree of auxiliary use by children
with SLI. Cognitive Linguistics, 22, 247-273.
Lukács, Á., Leonard, L., & Kas, B. (2011). “The dog chase the cat”: Grammaticality judgments
by Hungarian-speaking children with language impairment. Acta Linguistica Hungarica,
58, 24-38.
Polite, E. J., Leonard, L., & Roberts, F. D. (2011). The use of definite and indefinite articles by
children with specific language impairment. International Journal of Speech-Language
Pathology, 13, 291-300.
2012
Chakraborty, R., & Leonard, L. (2012). A brief research report on acquisition of verb inflection
in Bengali-speaking children. Journal of Advanced Linguistic Studies, 1, 41-53.
Leonard, L., Lukács, Á., & Kas, B. (2012). Tense and aspect in childhood language impairment:
Contributions from Hungarian. Applied Psycholinguistics, 33, 305-328.
Leonard, L., & Weber-Fox, C. (2012). Specific language impairment: Deficits in linguistic,
cognitive, and sensory domains. In M. Faust (Ed.), The handbook of the neuropsychology
of language (pp. 826-846). Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell.
2013
Dispaldro, M., Leonard, L., Corradi, N., Ruffino, M., Bronte, T., & Facoetti, A. (2013). Visual
attentional engagement deficits in children with specific language impairment and their
role in real-time language processing. Cortex, 49, 2126-2139.
Dispaldro, M., Leonard, L., & Deevy, P. (2013). Clinical markers in Italian-speaking children
with and without specific language impairment: A study of nonword and real word
repetition as predictors of grammatical ability. International Journal of Language and
Communication Disorders, 48, 554-564.
Dispaldro, M., Leonard, L., & Deevy, P. (2013). Real-word and nonword repetition in Italian-
speaking children with specific language impairment: A study of diagnostic accuracy.
Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 56, 323-336.
Gladfelter, A., & Leonard, L. (2013). Alternative tense and agreement morpheme measures for
assessing grammatical deficits during the preschool period. Journal of Speech, Language,
and Hearing Research, 56, 542-552.
Leonard, L. (2013). Alternative routes to language impairment. In L. Rescorla & P. Dale (Eds.),
Late talkers: Language development, interventions, and outcomes (pp. 363-376).
Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.
Leonard, L., Deevy, P., Fey, M. & Bredin-Oja, S. (2013). Sentence comprehension in specific
language impairment: A task designed to distinguish between cognitive capacity and
syntactic complexity. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 56, 577-589.
21
Leonard, L., & Dispaldro, M. (2013). The effects of production demands on grammatical
weaknesses in specific language impairment: The case of clitic pronouns in Italian.
Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 56, 1272-1286.
Lukács, Á., Kas, B., & Leonard, L. (2013). Case marking in Hungarian children with specific
language impairment. First Language, 33, 331-353.
2014
Kaganovich, N., Schumaker, J., & Leonard, L. (2014). Children with a history of SLI show
reduced sensitivity to audiovisual temporal asynchrony: An ERP study. Journal of
Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 57, 1480-1502.
Kunnari, S., Savinainen-Makkonen, T., Leonard, L., Mäkinen, L., & Tolonen, A.-K. (2014). The
use of negative inflections by Finnish-speaking children with and without specific
language impairment. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 28, 697-708.
Leonard, L. (2014). Children with specific language impairment. Second edition. Cambridge,
MA: MIT Press.
Leonard, L. (2014). Children with specific language impairment and their contribution to the
study of language development. Journal of Child Language, 41, S1, 38-47. doi:
10.1017/S0305000914000130.
Leonard, L. (2014). Developmental language disorders. In L. Cummings (Ed.), The Cambridge
handbook of communication disorders (pp. 419-435). Cambridge, England: Cambridge
University Press.
Leonard, L. (2014). Foreword. In D. Quintos-Pozos, Multilingual aspects of signed language
communication and disorder (pp. xiii-xiv). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Leonard, L. (2014). I disturbi del linguaggio nelle diverse lingue e nei vari ambiti di elaborazione
cognitive. In L. Marotta & M. C. Caselli (Eds.), I disturbi del linguaggio: Caratteristiche,
alutazione, trattamento (pp. 13-37). Trento, Italy: Erickson.
Leonard, L. (2014). Specific language impairment across languages. Child Development
Perspectives, 8, 1-5.
Leonard, L. (2014). Replacing one imperfect term with another. International Journal of
Language and Communication Disorders, 49, 436-437.
Leonard, L., Ellis Weismer, S., Weber-Fox, C., & Miller, C. (2014). The role of processing in
children and adolescents with language impairment. In J. B. Tomblin & M. Nipoold
(Eds)., Understanding individual differences in language development across the school
years (pp. 117-143). New York: Psychology Press.
Leonard, L., Kunnari, S., Savinainen-Makkonen, T., Tolonen, A.-K., Mäkinen, L., Luotonen, M.,
& Leinonen, E. (2014). Noun case suffix use by children with specific language
impairment: An examination of Finnish. Applied Psycholinguistics, 35, 833-854.
Purdy, J. D., Leonard, L., Weber-Fox, C., & Kaganovich, N. (2014). Decreased sensitivity to
long-distance dependencies in children with a history of specific language impairment:
Electrophysiological evidence. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 57,
1040-1059.
Souto, S., Leonard, L., & Deevy, P. (2014). Identifying risk for specific language impairment
with narrow and global measures of grammar. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 28,
741-756.
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2015
Krok, W., & Leonard, L. (2015). Past tense productions in children with and without specific
language impairment across Germanic languages: A meta-analysis. Journal of Speech,
Language, and Hearing Research, 58, 1326-1340.
Leonard, L. (2015). Language symptoms and their possible sources in specific language
impairment. In E. Bavin & L. Naigles (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Child
Language. Second Edition. (pp. 545-563). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University
Press.
Leonard, L. (2015). Time-related grammatical use by children with SLI across languages:
Beyond tense. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 17, 545-555.
Leonard, L., Fey, M., Deevy, P., & Bredin-Oja, S. (2015). Input sources of third person singular
–s inconsistency in children with and without specific language impairment. Journal of
Child Language, 42, 786-820.
Pettenati, P., Benassi, E., Leonard, L., Deevy, P., & Caselli, M. C. (2015). Extra-linguistic
influences on sentence comprehension in Italian-speaking children with and without
specific language impairment. International Journal of Language and Communication
Disorders, 50, 312-321.
2016
Bishop, D. V. M., Snowling, M., Thompson, P., Greenhalgh, T., CATALISE Consortium (2016).
CATALISE: A multinational and multidisciplinary Delphi consensus study. Identifying
language impairments in children. PLOS ONE.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158753.
Leonard, L. (2016). Noun-related morphosyntactic difficulties in specific language impairment
across languages. First Language, 36, 3-29.
Rudolph, J., & Leonard, L. (2016). Early language milestones and specific language impairment.
Journal of Early Intervention, 38, 41-58.
Souto, S., Leonard, L., Deevy, P., Fey, M., & Bredin-Oja, S. (2016). Subordinate clause
comprehension and tense/agreement inconsistency in children with specific language
impairment. Journal of Communication Disorders, 62, 45-53.
2017
Bishop, D. V. M., Snowling, M., Thompson, P., Greenhalgh, T., CATALISE Consortium (2017).
CATALISE: A multinational and multidisciplinary Delphi consensus study of problems
with language development. Phase 2. Terminology. Journal of Child Psychology and
Psychiatry, 58, 1068-1080.
Deevy, P., Leonard, L., & Marchman, V. (2017). Sensitivity to morphosyntactic information in
three-year-old children with typical language development: A feasibility study. Journal of
Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 60, 668-674.
Fey, M., Leonard, L., Bredin-Oja, S., & Deevy, P. (2017). A clinical evaluation of the competing
sources of input hypothesis. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 60,
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104-120.
Haebig, E., Weber, C., Leonard, L., Deevy, P., & Tomblin, J. B. (2017). Neural patterns elicited
by sentence processing uniquely characterize typical development, SLI recovery, and SLI
persistence. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. doi: 10.1186/s11689-017-9201-1.
Leonard, L. (2017). Cross-linguistic studies of child language disorders. In R. Schwartz (Ed.),
Handbook of child language disorders (pp. 328-344). New York: Psychology Press.
Leonard, L. (2017). Specific language impairment. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of
Psychology. DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.64.
Leonard, L., Haebig, E., Deevy, P., & Brown, B. (2017). Tracking the growth of tense and
agreement in children with specific language impairment: Differences between measures
of accuracy, diversity, and productivity. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing
Research, 60, 3590-3600.
Leonard, L., & Deevy, P. (2017). The changing view of input in the treatment of children with
grammatical deficits. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 26, 1030-1041.
Wisman Weil, L., & Leonard, L. (2017). Case assignment in English-speaking children: A paired
priming paradigm. Journal of Child Language, 44, 943-967.
2018
Deevy, P., & Leonard, L. (2018). Sensitivity to morphosyntactic information in preschool
children with and without DLD. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 61,
3064-3074.
Haebig, E., Leonard, L., Usler, E., Deevy, P., & Weber, C. (2018). An initial investigation of the
neural correlates of word processing in preschoolers with specific language impairment.
Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 61, 729-739.
Krok, W., & Leonard, L. (2018). Verb variability and morphosyntactic priming with typically
developing 2- and 3-year-olds. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 61,
2996-3009.
Kueser, J., Leonard, L., & Deevy, P. (2018). Third person singular -s in typical development and
specific language impairment: Input and neighborhood density. Clinical Linguistics and
Phonetics, 32, 232-248.
Leonard, L., Haebig, E., Deevy, P., & Brown, B. (2018). Extending the application of tense and
agreement measures: A reply to Rispoli and Hadley (2018). Journal of Speech, Language,
and Hearing Research, 61, 1460-1461.
2019 and in press
Haebig, E., Leonard, L., Deevy, P., Karpicke, J., Christ, S., Usler, E., Kueser, J., Souto, S., Krok,
W., & Weber, C. (2019). Retrieval-based word learning in young typically developing
children and children with developmental language disorder II: A comparison of retrieval
schedules. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 62, 932-943.
Leonard, L. (2019). Reciprocal relations between syntax and tense/agreement morphology in
children’s interpretation of input: A look at children with specific language impairment.
First Language, 39, 96-110.
Leonard, L., Karpicke, J., Deevy, P., Weber, C., Christ, S., Haebig, E., Souto, S., Kueser, J., &
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Krok, W. (2019). Retrieval-based word learning in typically developing children and
children with developmental language disorder I: The benefits of repeated retrieval.
Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 62, 944-964.
Leonard, L., & Kueser, J. (2019). Five overarching factors central to grammatical learning and
treatment in children with developmental language disorder. International Journal of
Language and Communication Disorders, 54, 347-361.