LESSON 1

Water Supply, Storage and

Distribution

5th Year Architectural Technology

Where does water come from?

Water Treatment

Video Clip demonstrating filtration

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9z14l51ISwg

Method 1 - Storage

•Occurs in Reservoirs •Contaminants/impurities settle to the bottom •Bacteria find it difficult to survive •Algae may start to grow

Method 2 - Filtration

Water passes through sand or a wire mesh

Two methods

•1. Rapid Sand Filters •2. Slow Sand filters.

Filtration Experiment

Method 3 - Sterilization

•Chlorine – Public water supply •Chlorine kills bacteria •Ammonia reduce the smell

Method 4 - Softening

Hard water contains calcium – •Advantage – Healthy for drinking •Disadvantage - scale on pipes and boilers

Methods to soften water

1. Demineralisation

2. Lime soda treatment – Make calcium and magnesium insoluble and they are then removed.

Lesson 2 – Wednesday 22nd Jan

Bringing the water into your homes

How does this work?

Mains water Supply

•Public water supply •From water reservoir •Treated •Water mains Connected to outlet beside house at edge of road.

The Cold Water Storage Tank

• Where

• Why

• How it works?

Ball Valve

Indirect Cold Water System

Roof

1st Floor

Ground Floor

Drain off Cock

Stop Valve

Rising Main

Drinking Water

Cold Feed

Hot Water System Supply

Overflow

W.C W.H.B Bath

Sink

230 Litre Cistern

Indirect Cold Water Supply System

All cold water outlets except from the drinking water outlet are supplied indirectly from a cold water storage cistern.

Advantages:

• A reserve supply in case of mains failure

• Less pressure on the taps and valves resulting in less wear

Disadvantages:

• A lot of pipe work required

• Provision and installation of a storage cistern in the attic

Creating Hot Water

Boilers

• Purpose?

• Types ?

Wood Pellet Boilers

Oil Boiler Solid Wood Boiler Traditional fuel burner

Lesson 3

The hot water cylinder

Heating Water for the Home

In-direct Hot water system

What happens to water when it is

heated?

Video clip showing Old Faithful geyser in

Yellowstone National Park

It rises

What happens to water when it is

heated?

Heating Water for the Home

The hot water cylinder

• Where located in house?

• Why?

• Made out of what Material?

The Indirect Cylinder

The water circulating between the boiler and the indirect cylinder is travelling in a closed circuit and does not mix with the stored water in the cylinder. This cylinder contains an inner coil through which hot water from the boiler flows. ]This coil acts as a heat exchanger, heating the water in the cylinder. As the hot water flows through this pipe it becomes cooler and returns through the bottom of the exchanger (3) to be reheated in the boiler. The main (secondary) water in the cylinder is heated and rises to the top of the cylinder where it is drawn off.

Hot in

Cold out

Expansion pipe

Hot water feed

Cold water feed

Immersion

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SV2vdGPLRiY

Indirect Hot water system

228 litre cold water storage tank

45 litre expansion tank

15mm rising main

Expansion Pipe

Indirect cylinder

Circulation Pump and Gate Valves

Stop Cock

Gate Valve

Rising Main

Drain-off valve

SRV (Safety Release Valve)

Primary Circuit

Secondary Circuit

W.H.B Bath

Indirect Hot water

system

Indirect Hot water

system

228 litre cold water storage tank

45 litre expansion tank

15mm rising main

Expansion Pipe

Indirect cylinder

Circulation Pump and Gate Valves

Stop Cock

Gate Valve

Rising Main

Drain-off valve

SRV (Safety Release Valve)

Indirect Hot water

system

Advantages of the system (primary circuit)?

• No lime scale build up as fresh cold water is not constantly being introduced.

• A central heating loop can be connected to the primary circuit; this is not possible with the direct hot water system

Disadvantages of the system?

• Extra Piping

• Second, smaller feed cistern for the primary circuit

The Radiator

• Intake and outtake

• Air Valve

One Pipe Heating System

Circulation Pump and Gate Valves

SRV (Safety Release Valve)

•Cold water from first radiator goes back into the same pipe as the hot water •Temperature of water getting lower as it enters each successive radiator

Drain-off valve

Circulation Pump and Gate Valves

SRV (Safety Release Valve)

Two Pipe Heating System

•Hot water from the boiler is fed to each radiator by one pipe and the cooler water coming from each radiator is fed to a second pipe and returned to the boiler for heating •Each radiator receives water at approximately the same time

Drain-off valve

Lesson 4

• Recap Worksheet

• Video Re-cap on plumbing so far

• Radiator Design competition

• Heating controls

• Under floor Heating

Work sheet recap!!

• Show video 7mins on DVD

Hot Water Safety

• Why is hot water a problem?

People with poor heat register may be unable to detect temperatures that might cause injury

People with impaired movement may be unable to react quickly to scalding water from a tap or shower head.

For this reason, hot water temperature is restricted to 43°C (particularly in public buildings).

Indirect radiator

Design your own Radiator

• Prize for best design

• In Pairs – 3mins

Radical Radiators

designer's own words: Archibald dries your clothes and towels in a perfect way, due to its intuitive shape, it helps to eliminate the wrinkles from your garments, reducing ironing time. The Archibald radiator solves the problem of hanging your clothes with little space, it's also ideal for bathrooms or laundry rooms.

designer's own words: "Fedora" is a radiator range for home or hotels room.Its purpose is cosiness: it offers a place to sit and relax. The recess is big enough for two cold feet or a lazy cat. A basket made of felt fits perfectly in it. This alcove which looks like a hat can be removed and placed for the sofa. It is filled in with granules which save the material a while in temperature. Let have a quiet cup of tea: fun's only just started.

designer's own words: The radiator “Profile” is based on the very simple idea of combining the same bent tubes. It provides good heat output thanks to the big surface area (the tubes are placed right next to each other) yet being quite small in length. The shape of the tubes allows different combinations to form a radiator – whether horizontal or vertical and without length/height limits.

designer's own words: The basic idea of looop is a loop. It only consists of a through-going pipe, which is devoured in itself. Due to the fact that the shape of the radiator isn´t extensive, you can put some clothes, for example socks, on it and dry it very fast. The pipe is 17 meters long and creates where through a very big surface (approx. 1 m²). The heating element can be installed horizontal or also vertically on the wall. The Thermostat is attached at the top corner, so you can adjust very easily and comfortably the amount of heat. It is also thinkable, that looop could be made out of ceramic and heated with electrical energy.

designer's own words: radiators gives you warmth, yet, the feeling of stainless steel is rather cold. what if it is in the texture of fabric? fabrique, with the texture of fabric blown up to let you feel warm even by looking at it. racks and hooks could be added for different purposes.

designer's own words: ARBOL is an electrical radiator module inspired in the trees branches in the wintertime. Being modular allows the user to adapt the module to the form they desire, as it can be adapted to an infinite number of forms. Just as in nature, you will never find one that is identical. JOINT The union and connection between the branches make it immediately a fourth turn while being reinforced with a flat headed bolt that is covered upon the wall. MODULAR Tree, is built around 3 distinct modules. 1 out of 3 branches, 1 out of 2, and 1 our to 1 branch. The combination allows you to create your own tree with the shape and size you desire.

designer's own words: Chrome plated tubular steel angled rings connected by straight tubes which taper to a smaller tubular ring. uses typically unused corner space. Connected to adjacent wall, and uses simplistic contemporary chrome valves. Wall mounted brackets used for upper weight support.

Heating Controls

Circulating Pump

•On the return pipe beside the boiler •Pumps hot water in the circuit to all radiators

Radiator Valves TWO ON EACH RADIATOR

1. Wheel Valve • Adjusted by hand to open or

close the supply of hot water to

the radiator.

2. Lockshield Valve • Fitted on the return side of the

radiator

• Balance the amount of heat in each radiator

Air Bleed Valve

•Top of the radiator •Allow trapped air to escape •Trapped air prevents water from entering the radiator, therefore it does not heat.

Gate Valves

•Cut off a section of the system •Placed at each side of the pump

Boiler Thermostat

•Controls the temperature of the water in the boiler •High in the winter •Low in Summer

Room Thermostats

•Set to the desired room temperature and electronically control the circulating pump

Time Switch

•Located near the boiler •Controls when the whole system comes on and for how long

Work sheet recap!!

Insulation for pipework

Insulation

It is essential to insulate all hot water storage vessels and pipes to:

• Prevent heat loss

• Protect water in the pipes from freezing during winter months.

Insulating the hot water cylinder Method 1 – Factory

applied Insulation

• 35mm coating of PU-foam

of zero ozone depletion potential and a minimum density of 30kg/m3

Method 2– Insulating Jacket

• Older Houses

• Segments tied together

• Not meet regulations for new houses.

Insulating Pipes • All pipes, other than those that do not contribute to the

useful heat requirements of a room or space, should be provided with 40mm insulation.

• Insulation material should have a thermal conductivity of .045W/mK

Wrapping insulation around pipes:

Under floor heating

• Show DVD vid

Floor Covering

Screed

Concrete Slab

Pipes tied to laid mesh

Insulation

Noteworthy Points of Under floor Heating

• Low temperature water (50 degrees Celsius) circulates through a series of continuous pipes loops laid under the floor

• More comfortable to have a constantly evenly distributed temperature of 20 -24 degrees than to have a single high temperature heat source

Advantages

• Unobtrusive

• Economical

• Safe

• Hygienic

• Little maintenance

Disadvantages

• Expensive

• Difficult to repair if leaks occur

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52bna-tn_dY

Lesson 5

• Problems of creating hot water from fossil fuels?

• Solar Power

• Geothermal

Problems of creating hot water from fossil fuels?

• In 2000, 79.5% of the world's energy production came from fossil fuels

• There is about 30 years of oil and 50 years of gas left for at current usage rates.

• Environmental damage is being caused by carbon emissions from increasingly high levels on fossil fuel consumption. Ozone layer destruction from carbon emissions is causing alarming levels of climate change as well as polluting the air we breathe and which surrounds every day.

1. Solar

2. Geothermal

3. Any More

Sustainable Energy Sources for heating water?

• http://www.aei.ie/videos

Solar Panels • Solar water heater should be able to supply approximately 70 % over the year,

obviously more in the summer and less in the winter.

• Solar heated water is used for domestic hot water for washing and bathing.

• Grants are available to assist householders fit solar water heaters into existing houses.

There are two main types of Solar panels - water heating panels and electricity generating panels. The majority of panels sold are for water heating purposes and come in two main architecture types:

• Flat-plate collector panels

• Evacuated tube panels

A south facing roof at a 30 - 45 degree angle is optimal. Much sunlight will still hit a roof facing between south-east and south-west. It is important to locate the collector close to where the hot water cylinder is located

Believe it or not a correctly sized solar collector will provide at least 60% of your domestic hot water requirements. The figure will be higher in summer and lower in winter

Geothermal heating

• http://www.camelclimatechange.org/view/video/51cbfb6a7896bb431f6bf674/?topic=51cbfc8ef702fc2ba812d516

Geothermal heating

• This involves extracting heat stored in the earth.

• In Ireland, soil temperatures rarely dip below 10 degrees centigrade at a depth of 4 feet or lower, regardless of the surface temperature winter or summer. This means there is potential to source heat from the ground.

• A geothermal water heating system works by inserting piping either horizontally or vertically into the ground depending on the size of site on which the property is located.

• This piping system is connected to a heat pump located in the house

• The internal piping system is usually under floor heating and is heated to around

35 degrees centigrade.

Why install a geothermal heating system?

1. No fuel burning, just electricity to run the pump - which is usually done on night-saver system

2. Payback time of 6 - 8 years after installed

3. Oil and Gas reserves are depleting more rapidly due to the much economic growth of countries like Russia and China

4. There is barely 30 years of oil reserves left according to fossil fuel experts.

Recap Exercise

LESSON 6

Floor Covering

Screed

Concrete Slab

Pipes tied to laid mesh

Insulation