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Lime - Fertilizer Interactions
17 January 2002
Crops Update
Woodstock, Ontario
Tom Bruulsema, PhD
Potash & Phosphate Institute
Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Misperception or Reality?
The North American Mosaic: A State of the Environment Report. Commission for Environmental Cooperation – NAFTA, 7 January 2002.
“Although soil erosion is declining in many parts of North America, on balance more soil is still being lost in agricultural areas than is being regenerated naturally. Part of the problem is lack of humus because of a heavy reliance on chemical fertilizers, rather than on traditional fertilizers and soil amendments, such as manure and compost, that help maintain soil structure.”
Outline
Soil test status in North America Soil pH and nutrient availability
Lime x phosphorus Stratification of soil pH in no-till N source influence on pH
Agricultural environmental impact and soil pH Nitrification control Soil carbon storage
Ecological Intensification
Percent of Soils Testing < 6.0 pHPercent of Soils Testing < 6.0 pH
North AmericaNorth America34%
20012001
NDND
SKSKMBMB
ONON
BCBCABAB
WAWA
OROR
MTMT
IDID
SDSD
MNMN
PQPQ
NYNY
PAPA
OHOHININILIL
IAIA
WIWIMIMI
WYWY
UTUT
NVNV
CACA
AZAZ NMNM
NBNB
NSNS
PEIPEI
MEME
NHNH
VTVT
MAMA
CTCTRIRI
NENE
KSKSMOMO
KYKY
WVWVVAVA
MDMD
DEDE
NJNJ
NCNCTNTN
ARAROKOK
TXTX LALA
MSMS ALAL GAGA
SCSC
FLFL
COCO
7171
2020
52524040
1010
252522221717
2626
4646404026263434
7070
2828303031314141
6767
4646
5454
616148484747
2525
2424
4646
2323553434 2727
3535161655 11
00
2020
727211
11 22
66
2424 33
1717
3636
55
4646 64643232
37374949
00
~20~20
Percent of Soils Testing Medium or Lower in PPercent of Soils Testing Medium or Lower in P
20012001
NDND
SKSKMBMB
ONON
BCBCABAB
WAWA
OROR
MTMT
IDID
SDSD
MNMN
PQPQ
NYNY
PAPAOHOHININILIL
IAIA
WIWIMIMI
WYWY
UTUT
NVNV
CACA
AZAZ NMNM
NBNB
NSNS
PEIPEI
MEME
NHNH
VTVT
MAMA
CTCTRIRI
NENE
KSKSMOMO
KYKY
WVWVVAVA
MDMDDEDE
NJNJ
NCNCTNTN
ARAROKOK
TXTX LALA
MSMS ALAL GAGA
SCSC
FLFL
COCO
3737
7070
45457373
383824243636
181822223434
5353
3131
4545424247476060
46466161
5151
797960605858
3737
5959
6868
60605959 3939
696947475858 5959
4141 52527878 7878
6969
5959 8686
4747 2121
6262
4040
5858
4646
5050 26262828
North AmericaNorth America47%
25251616
1515
5757
2525~40~40
ONON
Percent of Soils Testing Medium or Lower in KPercent of Soils Testing Medium or Lower in K
20012001
NDND
SKSKMBMB
ONON
BCBCABAB
WAWA
OROR
MTMT
IDID
SDSD
MNMN
PQPQ
NYNY
PAPA
OHOHININILIL
IAIA
WIWIMIMI
WYWY
UTUT
NVNV
CACA
AZAZ NMNM
NBNB
NSNS
PEIPEI
MEME
NHNH
VTVT
MAMA
CTCTRIRI
NENE
KSKSMOMO
KYKY
WVWVVAVA
MDMDDEDE
NJNJ
NCNCTNTN
ARAROKOK
TXTX LALA
MSMS ALAL GAGA
SCSC
FLFL
COCO
6666
7575
56569090~30~30
1919
353568684141
3737
515169698080
5454
2929
7171626255555151
51516060
7272
444438385757
6868
3939
5252
1212
66 3030
5252444433 2727
3434 242477 44
55
3333 1515
2222
2626
1919
1818
1010
4747 45454444
North AmericaNorth America43%
55554747
1212
1111
Nutrient interactions
14 essential mineral elements N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Zn, Ni Testing 2 levels of each gives 214 combinations = 16,384 treatments
Soil pH Form of nutrient (NH4
+, NO3-, etc.)
Soil mineralogy Crop Weather
Foth & Ellis, 1997, p. 83
Mineral soils Organic soils
Soil Reactions with Added P
Soil pH
CalciumCalciumphosphatesphosphates
Di s
tri b
uti
on (
%)
Fixation by hydrous Fixation by hydrous oxides of Al and Feoxides of Al and Fe
Adso
rbed
to c
lay
Adso
rbed
to c
lay
Fixation Fixation by by Fe, Al & Fe, Al & MnMn
Available phosphatesAvailable phosphates
Brady, 1990
Sumner & Farina, 1986
Both lime and P resolve Al problems in wheat (Kansas)
Wheat variety
Lime Rate (lb/A)
Yield without P2O5
Yield with 40 lb/A banded
P2O5
Yield Response
to PSoil pH
Exchangeable Al (ppm)
Al-sensitive 0 38 54 16 4.7 503750 51 57 6 5.3 07500 49 55 6 5.8 0
Al-tolerant 0 49 56 73750 58 60 27500 58 61 3
Lamond & Whitney, Better Crops,
1995
Bray P1 soil test = 54 ppm (H)
P sources and solution pH
Symbol Compound FormulapH
TSP monocalcium Ca(H2PO4)2•H2O1.5
phosphate
MAP monoammonium NH4H2PO4
3.5phosphate
DAP diammonium (NH4)2HPO4
8.0phosphate
Lime and P Source for Potatoes in PEIShepody & Russet Burbank, mean of 3 years
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
Lime No Lime
Ma
rke
tab
le Y
ield
, cw
t/A
,
noneMAPDAP
P Source
Sanderson, 1998-2000, AAFCSoil test P: H+
Lime Application in No-till Soil
Beegle, 1996. Better Crops 80(1):16-17
Wheat and corn response to liming
Beegle, 1996Better Crops80(1):16-17
Melbourne
4.4
4.7
5.0
5.3
5.6
06-May-98 17-Sep-98 29-Jan-99 12-Jun-99 24-Oct-99
Soi
l pH
lime
pelletized
no lime
Ontario Lime-Fertilizer Trial – Sandy Loam Site
Soil pH in top 3”; mean of disked and no-till treatments
Ontario Lime-Fertilizer Trial – Clay SiteWoodslee
4.7
5.0
5.3
5.6
29-Oct-97 27-Apr-98 24-Oct-98 22-Apr-99 19-Oct-99
Soi
l pH
lime
pelletized
no lime
Soil pH in top 3”; mean of disked and no-till treatments
Melbourne 1998
0
10
20
30
40
50
none lime p-lime
So
ybea
n Y
ield
(b
u/A
)
none
starter
micro
- Sandy loam
(pelletized)
Young & Gaynor, Ontario, Canada
Woodslee 1998
0
10
20
30
40
50
none lime p-lime
So
ybea
n Y
ield
(b
u/A
)
none
starter
micro
- Clay
(pelletized)
Young & Gaynor, Ontario, Canada
Woodslee 1999
0
30
60
90
120
150
none lime p-lime
Co
rn Y
ield
(b
u/A
)
none
starter
micro
- Clay
(pelletized)
Young & Gaynor, Ontario, Canada
Acidity of N Fertilizers
Pounds calcium carbonate per pound of N: AN, AA, UAN, urea 1.8 Ammonium sulfate 5.4 (3.6?) MAP 5.4 DAP 3.6
AOAC, 1934Nitrate sources of N do not acidify(Calcium nitrate, potassium nitrate)
Plant nutrient uptake influences rhizosphere pH
NO3-
OH-, HCO3-
H+
NH4+
Enhancing ammonium nutrition can lower rhizosphere pH, for
greater availability of:P, Fe, Mn, Zn
Marschener, 1995, p. 542
N and Lime on Turfgrass - NJ
Heckman, 1998
0
4
8
12
16
0 100 400 0 100 400 control
Lime Rate (lb/A)
Soil pH
Patch Severity
Turf Quality
Calcium Nitrate Ammonium Sulfate
Nitrification and pH
Low pH limits nitrification in forest soils Can nitrate leaching be limited by
controlling soil pH? Nitrification rate @ pH 5.5 40% less than at pH 7.0
(Weier & Gilliam, 1986 [NC])
Chloride inhibits nitrification at low pH in Sri Lanka tea soils (pH 4.0) adding 200 lb/A of 0-0-60 cut
nitrate accumulation by 90% (Golden & others, 1981)
Dancer & others, 1973 Wisconsin
Soil pH and nitrification rates
Gilmour, 1984 Arkansas
Nitrification Pattern
Soil pH Rangerapid, nitrite rapid slow none
<4.5 0 0 0 14.5-4.9 0 1 3 105.0-5.4 0 4 9 95.5-5.9 0 11 6 46.0-6.4 0 11 2 06.5-6.9 0 19 0 07.0-7.3 0 10 0 0
<7.3 16 0 0 0Morrill & Dawson, 1967, Cornell University
Number of New York soils from a collection of 116 exhibiting specific nitrification patterns
Potential benefits of liming less
Reduce nitrate leaching & denitrification Groundwater protection, GOM hypoxia
Availability of B, metal micronutrients alfalfa (Su, 1988)
Reduce ammonia volatilization Allows more uses of urea and DAP
Avoid CO2 emission arising from lime
Potential benefits of liming less (2)
Increase carbon sequestration
Nitrogen N Rate Change in Soil C (% of Control)Source lb/A Limed Unlimednitrate 85 100 97
ammonium 85 101 138ammonium 130 105 153
Change in soil organic carbon content after 120 years, relative to an unfertilized control (Paustian, 1997)
Rothamsted, UK lack of humus ???
Ecological Intensification of Agriculture
“The intensification of production systems to satisfy the anticipated increase in food
demand while meeting acceptable standards of environmental quality”
Dr. Ken CassmanUniversity Of Nebraska
Record Crop Yields in North America
Crop Yield Location
Alfalfa 24.1 tons/A Arizona
Barley 190 bu/A Alberta
Canola 70 bu/A Alberta
Corn 408 bu/A Iowa
Soybean 118 bu/A New Jersey
Wheat,winter 205 bu/A British Columbia
Does Unrealized Yield Potential Exist?
Average vs. Attainable Corn Yields in Iowa Contest
Winners4.1 bu/A/yr
State Average1.5 bu/A/yr
Gap Growth = 2.6 bu/A/yr
Summary
Lime-fertilizer interactions are important to both productivity and environmental impact
Professional crop advisers and producers should continue to test new combinations of pH and fertility
Each of us needs to be able to explain to the consumer why we use fertilizers and how they contribute to nourishing food
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