Post on 15-Jan-2016
transcript
Ir n Deficiency Anemia
Lord Kudolo607
Contents
• Introduction• Etiology• Clinical Features• Diagnosis• Risk Factors• Complications• Prevention • Management• Clinical Case
What is Iron Deficiency Anemia?Iron deficiency anemia is a common type of anemia — a condition in which blood lacks
adequate healthy red blood cells. This condition is due to insufficient iron in the
body.
It is the most common nutritional disorder in the world and mostly prevails in toddlers,
adolescent girls and women of childbearing age.
Etiology1. Dietary Lack
a) Infantsb) Elderly c) Junk Foodd) Less Privileged
2. Impaired Absorptiona) Sprueb) Chronic Diarrhea c) Inflammatory Bowel Diseased) Gastrectomy
Etiology3. Increased Requirement
a) Growing Infantsb) Childrenc) Adolescentsd) Premenopausal Women
4. Chronic Blood Loss *e) IDA in adults must always be attributed to GI blood
loss unless proven otherwise
Clinical Features• Pallor• Fatigue• Weakness• Koilonychia• Alopecia• Atrophic changes in the tongue and gastric mucosa • Intestinal malabsorption• Pica (depletion of iron in CNS)
Most Signs and Symptoms relate to the underlying cause.
DiagnosisLaboratory Studies.• Endoscopy, Colonoscopy, Ultrasound.• Moderately depressed hemoglobin (14-17gm/dL)
and hematocrit (35%-50%) due to hypochromia, microcytosis and modest poikilocytosis
• Serum Iron (65 – 177 μg/dL) and Ferritin levels (Male 20-250 μg/L) are low
• Total Plasma Iron Binding Capacity (250–370 μg/dL) is High reflecting elevated transferrin levels.
Risk Factors
• Women• Infants and Children• Vegetarians • Frequent Blood Donors
Complications
• Heart Problems• Problems During Pregnancy–Premature Births & Low Birth weights
• Growth Problems–Leads to delayed growth
developments
Prevention• Eat Food rich in Iron– Animal food such as meat*, fish and poultry.– Beans– Iron fortified Cereals, bread and pasta– Peas
• Choose food containing Vitamin C to enhance Iron Absorption. – Broccoli– Grapefruit – Kiwi– Oranges, etc.
• Adequate milk for infants.
Management• Iron Supplements– Better if taking with Ascorbic Acid
• Teat Underlying cause – Medications to lighten heavy menstrual flow– Antibiotics and other medications to treat peptic ulcers– Surgery to remove a bleeding polyp, a tumor or a
fibroid
Blood transfusion or iron given intravenously in severe cases
Clinical CaseA 16-year-old girl was referred by her pediatrician for evaluation of persistent microcytic anemia. Two years
previously, she presented to her local hospital complaining of fatigue and weakness. At that point, her hemoglobin level
was 46 g/L, with a low mean corpuscular volume and decreased iron and ferritin levels. Her TIBC level was at 575 μg/dL. She had no evidence of gastrointestinal bleeding and was otherwise healthy. Furthermore, she reported a regular
menstruation cycle without increase in blood loss. She received a blood transfusion and was started on iron
supplements, to which she had a good response as her hemoglobin level rose up to 129 g/L. Her clinical symptoms also resolved and iron supplementation was discontinued
one year later.
Bibliography
• Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 8e. Kumar, Abbas, Fausto, Aster.
• http://www.microscopyu.com/staticgallery/pathology/irondeficiencyanemia40x02.html
• http://www.medicinenet.com/hemoglobin/page2.htm#normal
• http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/iron-deficiency-anemia/basics/complications/con-20019327