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Making sense of open scholarly communications dataThe ‘new normal’ of financial transparency
Introduction
Introduction
»Transition to open access brings about pressure for increased financial transparency for publishers and institutions
»Examples: › Jisc Total Cost of Ownership project› RCUK and Wellcome Trust APC data› Stuart Lawson’s Freedom of Information dataset on
journal subscriptions
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Benefits of sharing data
»Inform negotiations with publishers»Benchmark spend against other institutions»Model transition to open access
»Not a means of informing researchers where to publish
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Article processing charges
Total cost of ownership project
»Project collects article-level APC data from institutions»Main drivers: › As many APC payments as possible should be
publicly available› This data should be as standardised and well-
structured as possible»Open APC data makes the market transparent, which
benefits institutions
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Making sense of open scholarly communications data
Total cost of ownership project
»Started by Jisc Collections in 2013»Began with 17 participating institutions»Now has grown to include data from over 40
institutions»Compatible with RCUK and COAF reporting
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Total cost of ownership project
»Inform Jisc Collections’ negotiations with publishers»Help funders evaluate and shape open access policies»Allow institutions to track and benchmark their spend
What is data used for?
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2013 2014 20150
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
£-
£1,000,000
£2,000,000
£3,000,000
£4,000,000
£5,000,000
£6,000,000
£7,000,000
£8,000,000
+127%
+51%+113%
+56%
Number of APCs Expenditure
Num
ber
of A
PCs
Expe
nditu
re
Trends in APC payments
»The number of APCs paid
is growing› Huge growth following
introduction of block grants in 2013
»Expenditure is outpacing number of APCs
Growth in APCs 2013-2015 (14 institutions)
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Trends in average APC
»Average APC of £1,713 for 2014-2015
»The average APC is rising
»Huge variation in APC costs
Average APC 2013-2015 (15 institutions)
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2013 2014 2015 £1,540
£1,560
£1,580
£1,600
£1,620
£1,640
£1,660
£1,680
£1,700
£1,720
£1,740
-2%
+8%
FrontiersPLOSIEEE
Taylor & FrancisBioMed Central
Royal SocietyRoyal Society of Chemistry
IOP PublishingAverage*Springer
American Society for MicrobiologyBMJ
WileyElsevier
Oxford University PressAmerican Chemical SocietyCambridge University Press
Society for NeuroscienceNPG
Walters KluwerCell Press
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Average APC by publisher
Average APC Jul 2014-Aug 2015
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2013 2014 2015 £-
£500
£1,000
£1,500
£2,000
£2,500
£3,000
£3,500 NatureOUPCUPACSWileySpringerElsevierAverageAIPBMJIOPBioMed CentralRSCPLOSTaylor & FrancisSage
Average APC price
Average APC price 2013-15 (15 institutions)
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£0.00
£500,000.00
£1,000,000.00
£1,500,000.00
£2,000,000.00
£2,500,000.00
£3,000,000.00
£3,500,000.00
£4,000,000.00
£4,500,000.00 Series3
OUP
CUP
Wolters Kluwer
Reve
nue
from
APC
s
Publisher revenue from APCs
Publisher revenue from APCs, Aug 2014-Jul 2015
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Hybrid vs. full open access
»Most expenditure goes to hybrid APCs
»The average APC for hybrid journals is consistently higher
»Hybrid average: £1,867»Full OA average: £1,225
Hybrid/Full OA expenditure Jul 2014-Aug 2015
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Hy-brid83%
Full OA17%
Rising hybrid APCs
»The average APC is increasing more rapidly overall for hybrid journals
»Hybrid journals are thus responsible for most of the rise in average APCs overall
Average APC by journal type, 2013-2015 (15 institutions)
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2013 2014 2015£0.00
£500.00
£1,000.00
£1,500.00
£2,000.00
£2,500.00
+4.4%
+24.6%
Full OA Hybrid
Rising market share for full open access
»Open access journals have increased their market share from 4% to 23% in three years
» This may reflect authors’ price sensitivity to hybrid journals’ higher APCs
»Are hybrid journals slowing the transition to open access?
Percentage of APC expenditure by journal type,2013-2015 (15 institutions)
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2013 2014 20150%
10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
3.8% 16.7% 22.9%
96.2%83.3% 77.1%
Full OA Hybrid
Subscription expenditure
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Context
»Article processing charges are part of a larger picture of total journal expenditure
»It is difficult to access information about subscription expenditure› Non-disclosure agreements from Elsevier› Unlike with research council funded APCs, there is no
incentive to share private subscription data»Much of the information which exists is confidential
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Making sense of open scholarly communications data
Freedom of information dataset
»The next part of this analysis relies on subscription data gathered by Stuart Lawson through Freedom of Information requests
»It tracks expenditure with 10 publishers from 153 UK universities
»Not a Jisc project»Most comprehensive open data set available
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APC vs. subscription expenditure
»APC expenditure is 16% of total journal expenditure
APC and subscription expenditure, 2014
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APC expen-diture16%
Sub-scription expendi-
ture84%
APC and subscription revenue by publisher, 2014
»Elsevier receives the highest amount of APCs and subscriptions
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Elsevier
Wiley
Springer
Taylor & Francis
Nature Publishing Group
Sage
Oxford University Press
Institute of Physics Publishing
Cambridge University Press
Royal Society of Chemistry
£0.00 £10,000,000.00 £20,000,000.00APC revenue Subscription revenue
APC and subscription revenue by publisher, 2014
»Some publishers rely on APCs for a higher proportion of revenue than others
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Elsevier
Wiley
Springer
Taylor & Francis
Nature Publishing Group
Sage
Oxford University Press
Institute of Physics Publishing
Cambridge University Press
Royal Society of Chemistry
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%12%
24%
16%
14%
22%
5%
41%
18%
13%
26%
88%
76%
84%
86%
78%
95%
59%82%
87%
74%
APC revenue Subscription revenue
Making sense of open scholarly communications data
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014£0
£10,000,000
£20,000,000
£30,000,000
£40,000,000
£50,000,000
£60,000,000
£70,000,000
£80,000,000
£90,000,000
£100,000,000
Elsevier Elsevier Elsevier Elsevier Elsevier
Wiley Wiley Wiley Wiley WileySpringerSpringer Springer Springer SpringerTaylor & Francis
Taylor & FrancisTaylor & Francis Taylor & Francis Taylor & Francis
SageSage
Sage Sage SageNature Publish-
ing Group
Nature Publish-ing Group
Nature Publish-ing Group
Nature Publish-ing Group
Nature Publish-ing Group
Elsevier Wiley Springer Taylor & FrancisSage Oxford University Press Cambridge University Press Nature Publishing GroupRoyal Society of Chemistry Institute of Physics Publishing
Increase in subscription revenue
Subscription revenue, 2010-2014
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Growth in subscription revenue
Yearly growth in subscription revenue, 2011-2014
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2011 2012 2013 2014-5.00%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
Elsevier Wiley SpringerTaylor & Francis Sage Oxford University PressCambridge University Press Nature Publishing Group Royal Society of ChemistryInstitute of Physics Publishing Average
Capturing and releasing APC dataTotal cost of ownership spreadsheet
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Data collection principles
»Record APC details in a standardized way»Benefits: › Makes it easier to account to funders› Makes it easy to share payment details with other
universities› Reduces administrative burden
»Challenges: › Tracking payments made from departmental or
project budgets
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Making sense of open scholarly communications data
Making sense of open scholarly communications data
Total cost of ownership project
»Spreadsheet to record APCs»Benefits: › Easy to use› Compatible with RCUK and COAF reporting› Fields map to RIOXX and CASRAI where applicable› Can import data from other systems (for example,
Eprints)»Released on Figshare under CC0 license
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Making sense of open scholarly communications data03/03/2016
Making sense of open scholarly communications data03/03/2016
Making sense of open scholarly communications data03/03/2016
Making sense of open scholarly communications data03/03/2016
APC reporting in the futureMonitor local and Monitor UK
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Monitor Local
»Allows institutions to record and report data on open access outputs› Includes both gold and green open access
»Has an easy-to-use web interface»Autocompletes metadata»Validates and checks compliance
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Making sense of open scholarly communications data
Monitor UK
»Aggregates APC data from across institutions and presents them as a dashboard
»Enables institutions to benchmark spend against other institutions, and compare publisher pricing and compliance
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Monitor UK pilot
Click to icon to add image
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Monitor Local and UK
»Pilot projects completed in 2015»Are now in development»Are scheduled to be released in summer 2016
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Making sense of open scholarly communications data
Making sense of open scholarly communications data
ConclusionSummary of key points
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Summary of key points
»Article processing charges are an increasingly important part of institutions’ expenditure on publication
»APCs vary between publishers, institutions, and types of journal
»There is still a lot to learn about these costs»The more transparency we have around article
processing charges and other financial data, the better decisions we can make
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Making sense of open scholarly communications data
Making sense of open scholarly communications data
Summary of key points
»Releasing open financial data helps your institution by:› Making it easier for us to negotiate on your behalf
with publishers› Helping you to track costs in a standardized way that
can be measured against other institutions› Increasing general awareness about article
processing charges › Allowing funders and policy makers to aid the
transition to open access
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Summary of key points
»Jisc Total Cost of Ownership project: http://bit.ly/_Jisc_APC_Collection
»Open data on article processing charges:http://bit.ly/_Figshare_Article_Processing
»Open data on journal subscription costs:http://bit.ly/_Figshare_Journal_Subscription_Costs
»Jisc Monitor: http://bit.ly/_Jisc_Monitoring_Open_Access_Activity
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jisc.ac.uk
Making sense of open scholarly communications data
Katie ShamashScholarly communications analystKatie.Shamash@jisc.ac.uk
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Making sense of open scholarly communications data