Post on 03-Jan-2016
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METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES IN ETIC AND EMIC RESEARCH
PSYC 338
ETIC APPROACHES
* Culture general
* Comparative
* Seeks to explore universals
* Uses culture as an IV
CRITICAL ISSUE IN ETIC METHODOLOGY: EQUIVALENCE• Stimuli
• Conceptual (construct)
• Linguistic
• Functional
• Metric
STIMULI EQUIVALENCEAppropriateness of stimuli/test materials; equivalent familiarity (or unfamiliarity) withtest materials across cultural groups
THE CHITLIN TEST
By Adrian Dove
WHICH WORD IS MOST OUT OF PLACE?
A) Splib
B) Blood
C) Gray
D) Spook
E) Black
HOW LONG DO YOU HAVE TO COOK CHITLINS SO THAT THEY WILL NOT BE RUBBERY?
• One hour• 15 minutes• 6 hours• 24 hours• One week
CONCEPTUAL EQUIVALENCE:
The meaning or essence of a constructis the same or equivalent
CULTURAL CONCEPTIONS OF INTELLIGENCE
• Nzelu (Zambia)- wisdom• Obugezi (Uganda)-stable, cautious,
friendly• Gnom (Kipsigis)- readiness to carry out
tasks in the service of the community
CULTURAL CONCEPTIONS OF INTELLIGENCE
Western tests may not adequately capture the notion of intelligence in other cultures
LINGUISTIC EQUIVALENCE
* Appropriate translation of materials to ensure equivalence of meaning
* Relates to both stimuli and conceptual equivalence
TRANSLATION METHODS
* Back translation
• Individual translation
• Team translation
EXAMPLES OF TRANSLATIONS
Outside a Hong Kong tailor shop…..
In a Thai dry cleaners…
In a Greek hotel…
Ladies may have a fit upstairs
Drop your trousers here for best results
Visitors are expected to complain at the office between the hours of 9 and 11 am daily
EXAMPLES OF TRANSLATIONS
At an Italian physician’s office….
Detour sign in Japan…
In a Greek tailor shop…
Lederer (1987)
Specialist in women and other diseases
Stop! Drive sideways
Order your suits here; because of big rush we will execute customers in strict rotation
FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENCE:
Exists when behaviours or processescompared serve the same or very similar functions across cultures
EXAMPLES OF FUNCTIONAL INEQUIVALENCE
* Nonverbal behaviours such as gaze, proxemics, gestures
* Agreements with statements such as “I like myself alot”
METRIC EQUIVALENCE:
the same coherent psychometric properties found in two or more sets of data from different cultural groups (includes scalar equivalence)
METRIC CONSIDERATIONS
* Reliability, validity
* Factor structure, coefficient of congruence
• Scalar equivalence
• Item response theory
• Standardization
EMIC APPROACHES
* Culture specific
* Seeks to understand culture in its own terms
* May unfold as indigenous or cultural psychology
CRITICAL ISSUE IN EMIC RESEARCH
* A sensitive and appropriate methodology for the specific cultural context
AN EXAMPLE FROM THE PHILIPPINES
Background:
indigenization from within
pakapa-kapa (inductive approach)
interdisciplinary perspectives
Method: Pagtatanong-tanong
CHARACTERISTICS OF PAGTATATANONG-TANONG
• “Asking questions”
• Participatory
• Equal status
• Adaptable, flexible
• Can be integrated with other methods
• Ethical concerns
PROCESS OF PAGTATATANONG-TANONG
• Preparation
• Selection of convenient and comfortable time and place
• Researcher and participant get to know each other
• “Asking questions” goes both ways
• Smooth ending
LEVELS OF INTERACTION
A. Ibang-tao (Outsider category)
1. Pakikitungo (civility)
2. Pakikisalamuha (interaction with)
3. Pakikilahok (participation with)
4. Pakikibagay (in accord with)
5. Pakikisama (being along with)
LEVELS OF INTERACTION
B. Hindi Ibang-tao (One of us category)
6. Pakikpagpalagayang- loob (mutual
trust)
7. Pakikisangkot (active involvement)
8. Pakikiisa (being one with)
CONCLUDING CONCERNS
• Power sharing
• Ethical issues: treatment and dissemination of data
* Benefits for community
QUESTIONS:
• What are the critical methodological standards for emic and etic approaches?
• Can and do we meet these standards on our research?
• How would you use the information on methodologies to evaluate research on culture and psychology?