Mite preparations for identifications - Biodiversity Projects Mite...Preservation Mite stored in...

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Mite preparations for identifications

Day – 3

Felicity Crotty

Collection • Most common method for

mite collection is the use of Tullgren funnels.

• Although others possible – floatation / pooters.

• Collection / storage in 70% alcohol best method (unless want to further experiment)

• Saturated salt solution also used

Preservation • Dissecting microscope to

sort through fauna

• Compound microscope to observe external structures for key

• Highly sclerotised mites need to be “cleared” and disected before mounting on slides

• This is to make “permanent” slides

Preservation Mite

stored in alcohol

Mite soaked overnight in 90%

lactic acid (on warmer)

Mite placed on slide in PVA, coverslip

edges sealed with DPX

• Dissecting microscope to sort through fauna

• Compound microscope to observe external structures for key

• Highly sclerotised mites need to be “cleared” and disected before mounting on slides

• This is to make “permanent” slides

Identification • What level?

- Order (Collembola or Mite)

- Lineage (Mesostigmata/Oribatida)

- Supercohort

(Macropyline/Brachypyline)

- Cohort (Palaeosomata/Mixonomata)

- Superfamily (Phthiracaroidea/Lohmannioidea)

Methods of identification

• Computer based key “Lucid”

• Available online

• “Major mite taxa” home page

• http://itp.lucidcentral.org/id/mites/invasive_mite/Invasive_Mite_Identification/key/Major_Mite_taxa/Media/Html/Home_Major_Mite_Taxa.html

• Unfortunately doesn’t cover that much –

Order: Opilioacarida, Holothyrida, and Ixodida; Suborder: Mesostigmata;

Supercohort: Oribatida and Prostigmata.

Different Lucid Key

Greater scope

- COHORT

Mesostigmata, Oribatid and Prostigmata.

http://keys.lucidcentral.org/key-server/player.jsp?keyId=42

Dichotomous Keys

• Used Tiling Key

• Paired statements of either words or images

• Have to follow specific order

• If character unknown / can’t see it easy to make a mistake and misidentify

Dichotomous keys

• Greater depth

Orders…

Lineages…

Families…

Genus…

Species

Parasitiformes Acariformes

Sub-Class

Super-Order

Order Opilloacarida Holothrida Mesostigmata Ixodida Sarcoptiformes Trombidiformes

Sub-Order Sejida

Trigynaspida Monogynaspida Endeostigmata

Oribatida

Sphaerolichida

Prostigmata

Super-Cohort

Palaeosomata

Parhyposomata

Brachypylina Enarthronota

Mixonomata Desmonomata

Cohort

Cercomegistina

Antennophorina

Microgynina

Heatherellina

Heterozerconina

Uropodina

Gamasina

Astigmata

Labidostommatides

Eupodides

Anystides Eleutherengonides

Anystina

Parasitengonina

Raphignathina

Heterostigmata

Sub-Cohort / Infra-Order

Arctacariae

Parasitiae

Epicriiae

Dermanyssiae

Pycnonticae

Poronoticae

Euptyctima

Dichosomata

Trachytidae; Dithinozerconidae; Polyaspididae; Protodinychidae; Dinychidae; Trachyuropodidae; Trematuridae; Oplitidae; Metagynellidae; Uropodidae

Microgyniidae

Epicriidae; Zerconidae

Parasitidae Antennophorida; Celaenopsidae Veigaiidae; Ologamasidae;

Rhodacaridae; Digamasellidae; Macrochelidae; Pachylaelapidae; Eviphididae; Podocinidae; Laelapidae; Amerosidae; Phytoseidae; Ascidae

Sejida

Euphthiracarida; Phthiracaridae; Oribotritiidae; Oribotritiidae; Hydrozetidae; Peloppiidae; Autognetidae; Ctenobelbidae; Suctobelbidae; Caleremaeidae; Micreremidae; Amerobelbidae; Oppiidae; Scutoverticidae; Cepheidae; Tectocepheidae; Carabodidae; Thyrisomidae; Astegistidae; Cepheidae; Quadroppidae; Hermanneiellidae; Damaeidae; Poroliodidae; Eremaeidae; Ameronothridae; Damaeolidae; Cymbaeremaeid; Galumnidae; Microzetidae; Achipteriidae; Haplozetidae; Phenopelopidae; Oribatellidae; Ceratozetidae; Euzetidae; Schleloribatidae; Oribatulidae; Zetomimidae; Limnozetidae; Humerobatidae; Mycobatidae; Chamobatidae; Passlozetidae; Licneremaeidae; Enichthoniidae; Hypochthoniidae; Atopochthoniidae; Cosmochthoniidae; Brachychthoniidae; Gehypochthoniidae; Liacaridae; Gustaviidae; Malaconothrida; Trhypochthoniidae; Eulohmanniidae; Perlohmanniidae; Epilohmanniidae; Nanhermanniidae; Hermanniidae; Camisiidae; Nothridae; Adelphacaridae; Palaeacaridae

Euphthiracarida; Phthiracaridae; Oribotritiidae; Oribotritiidae; Hydrozetidae; Peloppiidae; Autognetidae; Ctenobelbidae; Suctobelbidae; Caleremaeidae; Micreremidae; Amerobelbidae; Oppiidae; Scutoverticidae; Cepheidae; Tectocepheidae; Carabodidae; Thyrisomidae; Astegistidae; Cepheidae; Quadroppidae; Hermanneiellidae; Damaeidae; Poroliodidae; Eremaeidae; Ameronothridae; Damaeolidae; Cymbaeremaeid; Galumnidae; Microzetidae; Achipteriidae; Haplozetidae; Phenopelopidae; Oribatellidae; Ceratozetidae; Euzetidae; Schleloribatidae; Oribatulidae; Zetomimidae; Limnozetidae; Humerobatidae; Mycobatidae; Chamobatidae; Passlozetidae; Licneremaeidae; Enichthoniidae; Hypochthoniidae; Atopochthoniidae; Cosmochthoniidae; Brachychthoniidae; Gehypochthoniidae; Liacaridae; Gustaviidae; Malaconothrida; Trhypochthoniidae; Eulohmanniidae; Perlohmanniidae; Epilohmanniidae; Nanhermanniidae; Hermanniidae; Camisiidae; Nothridae.

Canestriniidae; Histiostomatidae; Winterschmidtiidae; Glycophagidae; Acaridae

Euphthiracarida; Phthiracaridae; Oribotritiidae; Oribotritiidae; Hydrozetidae; Peloppiidae; Autognetidae; Ctenobelbidae; Suctobelbidae; Caleremaeidae; Micreremidae; Amerobelbidae; Oppiidae; Scutoverticidae; Cepheidae; Tectocepheidae; Carabodidae; Thyrisomidae; Astegistidae; Cepheidae; Quadroppidae; Hermanneiellidae; Damaeidae; Poroliodidae; Eremaeidae; Ameronothridae; Damaeolidae; Cymbaeremaeid; Galumnidae; Microzetidae; Achipteriidae; Haplozetidae; Phenopelopidae; Oribatellidae; Ceratozetidae; Euzetidae; Schleloribatidae; Oribatulidae; Zetomimidae; Limnozetidae; Humerobatidae; Mycobatidae; Chamobatidae; Passlozetidae; Licneremaeidae; Enichthoniidae; Hypochthoniidae; Atopochthoniidae; Cosmochthoniidae; Brachychthoniidae; Gehypochthoniidae; Liacaridae; Gustaviidae; Malaconothrida; Trhypochthoniidae; Eulohmanniidae; Perlohmanniidae; Epilohmanniidae; Nanhermanniidae; Hermanniidae; Camisiidae; Nothridae.

Canestriniidae; Histiostomatidae; Winterschmidtiidae; Glycophagidae; Acaridae

Alicohagiidae; Nanorchestidae; Alycidae; Terpnacaridae

Labidostommatidae; Cryptognathidae; Eriophyoidea; Penthalodidae; Scutacaridae; Tarsonemidae; Pygmephoridae; Acarophenacidae; Calyptostomatidae; Microtrombidiidae; Smarididae; Erythraeidae; Tanaupodidae; Johnstonianidae; Eutrombidiidae; Trombidiidae; Trombidulidae; Anystidae; Cheyletidae; Stigmaeidae; Bdellidae; Cunaxidae; Eupodidae; Penthaleidae; Rhagidiidae; Erynetidae; Tydaeidae; Iolnidae; Triophytdaeidae;

Basic mite taxonomy

Day – 3

Felicity Crotty

Soil Mesofauna = Springtails and Mites Mites (Acari)

• Three main orders

• Mesostigmata

• Oribatids

• Prostigmata

• 45,000 described spp

• Approx 64 spp in 1 grassland

Stable Community Composition: Mites

Diversity mites in grassland (+/- 0.05 s.e.)

ASTIGMATA MESOSTIGMATA

ORIBATID PROSTIGMATA

Diversity of mites in willow woodland

(+/- 0.05 s.e.)

ASTIGMATA MESOSTIGMATA

ORIBATID PROSTIGMATA

Oribatid

Soil Mite or Tick?!

Mesostigmata Ixodida

Parasitiformes

Soil Mite or Tick?!

Parasitiformes

- Smaller than ~ 5mm - Peritremes and stigmatal opening

present (at level of coxae II-IV) - Four pairs of setae on subcapitulum - Apotele with 2 or 3 tines - Tritosternum present - Female covered by 1-4 epigynal

shields

- Greater than ~5mm - Peritremes and stigmatal opening

absent - Subcapitulum with denticulate

hypostome - Palps usually 4 or fewer segments,

without apotele - Tritosternum absent

Soil Mite or Tick?!

Parasitiformes

Acari Key to main groups

• Stigmata usually without noticeable peritremes, and not situated at each side of the body near coxae I-IV. FEMALES: Genital shield jointed to open at one lateral edge of shield …………………………………………………..(next)

• Stigmata, one on each side of the body, situated in the region of coxae I-IV and usually provided with an elongate peritreme; chelicerae chelate-dentate mainly. FEMALES: Genital shield jointed to open at base. – Mesostigmata (or Parasitiformes)

Stigmata and peritreme

Chelicerae Chelate-dentate

Probably male as epigynal shield not distinct, or hinged

6 free segments: Tarsus, tibia, genu, femur, trochanter, coxae

Acari Key to main groups

• Gnathosoma with conspicuous rutella; chelicerae chelate, rarely modified; pedipalps simple. Tracheal system opening through stigmata or ‘pores’ on various parts of the body or absent; Body weakly OR strongly sclerotized. – Oribatida

• Tracheal system opening through a pair of stigmata situated on or near the base of the gnathosoma; chelicerae and pedipalps usually strongly modified. Body usually poorly sclerotized. – Prostigmata

Figure 1 Oribatida

Rutella Chelicerae Chelate

Tracheal system Oxotaxic pores

Genital and anal shields

But this is also an Oribatid…

AND this is an Oribatid too!

Figure 2 Prostigmata

Stigmata at base of gnathosoma

Chelicerae and pedipalps modified

Body weakly sclerotised

5 free segments: Tarsus, tibia, genu, femur, trochanter.

CHARACTER PARASITIFORMES (MESOSTIGMATA)

SARCOPTIFORMES (ORIBATIDS & ASTIGS)

TROMBIDIFORMES (PROSTIGMATA)

Chelicerae Chelate-dentate (except parasites) Usually chelate-dentate Often modified (spikes, stylets)

Hypostomal groove Present Absent Absent

Tritosternum Usually present Absent Absent

Gnathosomal tectum Present Absent Absent

Palps Usually well developed, limb-like 5-segmented in Oribatida; 2-segmented in Astigmata

Often reduced or modified

Palp apotele Present Absent Absent

Palp thumbclaw Present Absent Sometimes present

Dorso-sejugal suture Absent Present Often indistinct

Eyes Absent (except Allothyridae) Absent (rare exceptions) Sometimes present

Trichobothria Absent Present (except Nothroidea) Often present

Dorsal & ventral plates Usually 1 or 2 dorsal plates and various ventral plates

Usually well developed dorsal and ventral plates

Often absent or small (numerous exceptions)

Colour Usually brown to red-brown Usually brownish to black Often white, yellow, green, red

Genital & anal openings Genital plate undivided, anal plate divided

With divided plates Usually without plates

Genital papillae Absent Present Often present

Lateral peritreme Usually present Absent Absent

Lateral opisthosomal gland Absent Usually present Absent

Coxae free Fused to ventral body Fused to body

Chelicerae Chelate-dentate Usually chelate-dentate Often modified (spikes, stylets)

Palps Usually well developed, limb-like

5-segmented in Oribatida; 2-segmented in Astigmata

Coxae Free Fused to ventral body Fused to body

Chelicerae Chelate-dentate Usually chelate-dentate Often modified (spikes, stylets)

Trichobothria Absent Present Often present

Genital & anal openings

Genital plate undivided, anal plate divided

Chelicerae Chelate-dentate Usually chelate-dentate Often modified

Eyes Absent (except Allothyridae) Absent (rare exceptions) Sometimes present 1 to 2 pairs)

Opisthosomal gland Absent Usually present Absent

Best Keys?

Best Keys? • Mesostigmatic mites of Britain and Ireland –

Evans and Till (1979) Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 35, 139-270

• Oribatida – Norton and Behan-Pelletier (2009) In A manual of acarology. Krantz and Walter.

• OR: Acarina: Oribatida – Norton (1990) In Soil Biology. Dindal

• Acarina: Prostigmata – Kethley (1990) In Soil Biology. Dindal

• Acarina: Astigmata – Philips (1990) In Soil Biology. Dindal

Soil Acarology 3 week course Summer 2014

http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~acarolog/summerProgram/index.html

Acknowledgments

Soil Mite Experts

Cal Welbourne

Valerie Behan-Pelletier

Roy Norton

David Walter

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