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ASeminar on

“MODERN TRENDS OF AGRICULTURE PROCESSING”

Presented by :

Pratik Nayi (PAGEN-0100-2012)

Submitted to:Er. F.G.SAYYAD

POLYTECHNIC IN AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING MUVALIA FARM , DAHOD-389151

WHAT IS AGRICULTURE PROCESSING ? ``

• Agro processing could be defined as set of techno economic activities carried out for conservation and handling of agricultural produce and to make it usable as food, feed, fibre, fuel or industrial raw material.

What is Food Processing?

Food Processing is a series of physical processes and techniques used to take raw part, or transform food into other forms of use

• Milling• Blanching • Fermentation• Storage

• Cooking• Frying• Freezing• Boiling

• Detoxing• Preserving• Increasing

Consistencies

Examples…

OPERATION OF AGRICULTURE PROCESSING

• Threshing• Cleaning• Grading• Sorting • Drying

• Milling• Packaging• Labeling• Storage• Transportation

Types of separator :• Disk separator• Indented cylinder separator• Spiral separator• Destoner or stone separator• Specific gravity separator• Inclined draper• Velvet roll separator• Pneumatic separator• Magnetic separator• Cyclone separator• Color separator

Forms of Food Processing

Milling machine

Milling is a general skill name, which is normally means reduction of food grains into various end products like meal, flour, split products etc.

MILLING :

Milling:µµ

Milling machine

Average particle size : 76 mm to 38 µm. 1 inch : 200 opening available.

Forms of Food ProcessingFermentation• A further method of

processing that is aimed at the control of undesirable microflora (Includes bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi.) is the deliberated addition of microorganisms and the use of fermentation.

Forms of Food Processing

Cooking Freezing

Forms of Food Processing

Boiling :• The rapid vaporization of a liquid.

Blanching :

Forms of Food Processing

Frying :The technique of cooking

food in oil and fat.

Processes and InventorsFood Process Technology InventorsPasteurization Pasteurizer Louis Pasteur

Milling Food MillExtraction

Sylbylla MastersMadeline M. Turner

Removal of Toxins Water PurifierFood Irradiation

Taylor V. LaughterBased on Louis Pasteur

Cooking Toll House Cookies

Ruth WakeField

Freezing Frozen Pizza Rose TotinoVacuumed-Packed /Canning

Paper-bag maker Margaret Knight

MICROWAVE OVEN :

FIG: MICROWAVE OVEN

Parts of a microwave :

MICROWAVE OVEN :

• A modern microwave oven heats food by passing microwave radiation through it.

• Microwaves are a form of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation with a frequency higher than ordinary radio waves but lower than infrared lights.

• Microwave length =10-6 µm

Material handling includes a number of operations that can be executed either by hand (manual) or by mechanical handling devices to convey material and to reduce the human drudgery. Mechanical handling devices aim to lighten the work of human labour.

Material handling :

Material handling equipment is the mechanical equipment involved in the complete system.

Material handling:

Material handling equipment is generally separated into four main categories: storage and handling equipment, engineered systems, industrial trucks, and bulk material handling.

Material handling:

Material-handling equipment is equipment that relate to the movement, storage, control and protection of materials, goods and products throughout the process of manufacturing, distribution, consumption and disposal.

FORKLIFT TRUCK

Click here

Goals of material handling:◦Reduce unit costs of production◦Maintain or improve product quality, reduce damages, and provide for protection of materials◦Promote safety and improve working conditions◦Promote productivity◦Promote increased use of facilities◦Control list

Material handling equipment

1. Containers and unitizing equipment.2. Material transport equipment.3. Storage and recovery equipment.4. Automatic identification and

communication equipment

Types of mechanical device for material handling :

1. Belt conveyor2. Screw conveyor3. Bucket elevator4. Pneumatic conveyor

1. Belt conveyor:

Belt conveyor has become a most popular means of transporting large quantities of materials over a very large distance at a low cost.

Contd…

Belt conveyor:

Endless belt supported by idlers. Belt conveyor have antifriction bearing so that

it get high mechanical efficiency. No relative motion between product and belt. Horizontal material can be transported. Belt speed should be 2.5 to 2.8 m/s. Belt should not be increase above 3.5 m/s

Contd…

• Capacity (m3) = cross sectional area (m2 ) × belt speed (m/min.) × 60• Efficiency of belt conveyor is largely

depend on idlers.• Conveying capacity of conveyor is 2000

t/hr.

Contd…

Belt conveyor:

The maximum angle of inclination being limited from 15 to 23. Depending upon the dynamic coefficient of friction of load against the belt surface.

Contd…

Belt conveyor:

Belt conveyers can be classified according to their path profile, mobility, application and method of transfer of attractive force .

2. Screw conveyor:

FIG: SCREW CONVEYOR

FIG: FEEDER TYPE CONVEYOR

Contd…

SCREW CONVEYOR:

• Screw conveyers are the oldest device for carrying the bulk materials and consists primarily of conveyer screw rotating in a stationary casting which may be a through or pipe.

Contd…

• It is used for grain conveying, cattle feed.• Limitation : high power requirement.• Capacity (m3/hr) = 47.2 (D2 - d2) × p × n• It is used for short distance.• Theoretical capacity > actual capacity

Contd…

TYPES OF SCEREW CONVEYERS:

1. Horizontal type2. Vertical type

3. Conveying type

RIBBON LIKE SCREW PADDLE SCREW CUT FLIGHT SCREW

Bucket elevators :• Bucket elevators are dividing into vertical

and inclined according to their path of lifting.

• Vertical lift elevator ranges from few meter to 50 m.

• Capacity : 2 to 1000 t/hr.• High speed of 2.5 to 4 m/s.

Contd…

Bucket elevator

CONT…

Components of elevator1. Bucket :

Three type of buckets are generally used for elevating the bulk material namely, deep, shallow and v-shaped with guiding side walls. The main features of the buckets are their dimensions : width (w) ,length (l), height (h), and volume.

Contd…

Contd…

1.Tractive element2. Drive 3. tack-up4. Casing

CasingTractive element

Classification of bucket elevator

Bucket elevator

Spaced bucket Continuous bucket

1. Centrifugal discharge2. Positive discharge3. High speed elevator

Super capacity internal discharge

Capacity(t/hr) = Capacity (m3/hr) × mass density (kg/m3) 1000

Force required : centrifugal force and gravitational force.

Advantages :

• The bucket elevators are used in most of the industries today for a variety of purposes.

• It has a huge transporting capacity with lower maintenance and better transportation facilities.

• These elevators are durable with low driving power.

• Modern elevators use plastic buckets and rubber belts for better and efficient functioning.

Contd…

Pneumatic conveyor

Cont…

• It is used for granular material in closed duct.

• It required high velocity air stream.• It based on dispersion principle.• Air velocity range = 15-30 m/s.• Air pressure > atmospheric pressure.• Act on centrifugal force.

ConveyorsFlat belt conveyor Roller conveyor Wheel conveyor

Magnetic belt conveyor Slat conveyor Chute conveyor

Parameter Sensor/ instrument Examples of applications

Bulk density Radio `wave detector Granules, powders

Caffeine Near infrared detector Coffee processing

Colour Ultraviolet, visible, near infrared light detector

Color sorting, optical imaging to identify foods or measure dimensions

Conductivity Capacitance gauge Cleaning solution strength

Counting of food packs Ultrasound, visible light, Most applications

Density Mechanical resonance, dipstick, gamma rays

Solid or liquid foods

Dispersed droplets or bubble Ultrasound Foams

Fat ,protein, carbohydrate content

Near infrared detector, microwaves

Wide variety of foods

Fill level(liquids or solids) Ultrasound, mechanical resonance, dipstick

Most processes

EXAMPLES OF MEASURED PARAMETERS AND TYPES OF SENSORS USED IN THE CONTROL OF FOOD

PROCESSES

Parameter Sensor/ instrument Examples of applicationsParticle size, shape, distribution Radiowave detector Dehydration pH Electrometric Most liquid processing

Powder flow Acoustic emission monitoring Dehydration, blending Pressure or vacuum Bourdon gauge, strain gauge Concentration by boiling,

extrusion, canningPump/motor speed Tachometer Most processes Refractometric solids Refractometer Sugar processing, preservesSalt content Radiowave detector ------Solid/liquid ratio NMR ------Solute content Ultrasound, electrical

conductivity Liquid processing, cleaning solutions

Specific micro-organisms Immunosensors To be developedSpecific sugars, alcohols, amines

Biosensors To be developed

Specific toxins Immunosensors To be developedSuspended solids Ultrasound Wastewater streamsTemperature Thermocouples, resistance

thermometers, near infrared detector (remote sensing and thermal imaging), fiber -optic probe with fluorescent tip

Heat processing, refrigeration etc.

Packaging is the science, art and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use.

Packaging

BIODEGRABLE PACKAGING

BIODEGRABLE PACKAGING

Capable of being broken down (decomposed) rapidly by the action of micro organisms. Biodegradable substances include food scraps, cotton, wool, wood, human and animal waste, manufactured products based on natural materials (such as paper, and vegetable-oil based soaps).

Advantages:- • Biodegradable plastic does harm to the environment.• Eco friendly .• Re usable .• The product which is reusable will definitely be cheap and user

friendly .

Disadvantages:- • Non-degradable is harmful for the earth as it is non-degradable • Cost is more • Animals are badly effected who eat grass as their main food • The packaging will decompose soon and the item will be open and can

be harmed .

Biodegradable productsdo not have:

• Harmful chemicals• Plastic coatings• The need for

excessive energy to create them.

• Minimization of energy consumption

• Use of clean energy in refrigeration

• Use of environment friendly refrigerants

• Energy conservation by the use of heat pumps

• Newer refrigeration technologies

• Minimization of refrigeration loss

• Good management practices in cold storages and cold chains

MAJOR CHALLENGES

• Refrigeration simply means cooling i.e. the process of lowering down the temperature of an enclosed space or matter as compared to that of its surroundings.

REFRIGERATION & FREEZING

• Freezing is also a component of refrigeration where temperature is lowered well below the freezing temperature of the substance.

COLD CHAIN

A cold chain is a temperature-controlled supply chain. An unbroken cold chain is an uninterrupted series of storage and distribution activities which maintain a given temperature range. It is used to help extend and ensure the shelf life of products such as fresh agricultural produce, meat products. Seafood, frozen food, chemicals and pharmaceutical drugs.

Refrigeration equipment is directly a part of cold chain.

Vapour-compression refrigeration

• Vapor-compression refrigeration is one of the many refrigeration cycles and is the most widely used method for air-conditioning of buildings and automobiles.

• It is also used in domestic and commercial refrigerators, large-scale warehouses for chilled or frozen storage of foods and meats, refrigerated trucks and railroad cars, and a host of other commercial and industrial services.

COMPONENTS OF VCR SYSTEM

• COMPRESSOR

• CONDENSER

• EXPANSION VALVE

• EVAPORATOR

• REFRIGERANT

Refrigerant Compressors

• Reciprocating compressor: • Advantages:• Most popular and reliable• Age old tested• Higher pressure ratio• Long period between overhauls• Disadvantages:• Less suitable in very large size• Higher noise level• Multistage compression required in deep

freezing application• Sensitive to liquid suction

Dynamic type Simple and compact structure Saves large oil separation device Less weight and less area occupied Less moving part, reliable, durable Less operating cost Easy to realize multistage compression Large volume flow rate Higher efficiency Low pressure ratio Not suitable with lesser flow rate Must add anti surge system

Centrifugal Compressor

Reference:

• http://www.agriculture processing.in• http://www.food product.in

THANK YOU