Molecular Biology and Evolution JEOPARDY!! Transcription and RNA Processing Translation and Genetic...

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Molecular Biology and EvolutionJEOPARDY!!

Transcription and RNA Processing

Translation and Genetic Code

More Translation and

Mutations

Evolution 1 Evolution 2

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10 10 Transcription and RNA

Processing

The gene sequence that indicates the start of a gene is called….

TATA box or promoter (TATAAA)

2020 Transcription and RNA

Processing

The enzyme that adds complementary RNA strands to the

template DNA

20 20 Transcription and RNA Processing

RNA Polymerase

3030 Transcription and RNA Processing

To protect the mRNA from destruction by cytoplasmic enzymes,

it needs…

A “G” cap and a poly “A” tail

30 30 Community 1Community 1

4040 Transcription and RNA Processing

Why is mRNA at the ribosome shorter than it was in the nucleus?

RNA splicing– introns are removed and exons are pasted together.

To begin transcription, the TATA box must be bound by…

Transcription Factors

The genetic code consists of…

Codons (3 nucleotide sequences on mRNA)

1010 Translation and Genetic Code

What is translation?

Conversion of nucleic acid Conversion of nucleic acid language to amino acid language language to amino acid language

to build a proteinto build a protein

What does tRNA do in translation?What does tRNA do in translation?

Joins to a specific amino acid and Joins to a specific amino acid and transfer it by matching its transfer it by matching its

anticodon to the codon on mRNA anticodon to the codon on mRNA at the ribosomeat the ribosome

What happens during initiation of What happens during initiation of translation?translation?

mRNA joins with the small mRNA joins with the small ribosomal subunit, which is then ribosomal subunit, which is then joined by a tRNA, and then joined by a tRNA, and then joined by the large ribosomal joined by the large ribosomal subunit. subunit.

Why is it significant that there are Why is it significant that there are 64 codons for 20 amino acids?64 codons for 20 amino acids?

Mutations can still occur with potentially no noticeable effect on the phenotype.

1010 More Translation and Mutations

Any mutation that affects a single nucleotide is called…

Point Mutation

A point mutation that involves a A point mutation that involves a single nucleotide switched with single nucleotide switched with

another is called a…another is called a…

More Translation and Mutations

*Substitution*Substitution

Frameshift mutations can be caused Frameshift mutations can be caused by…by…

Insertions or deletions

List the sequence of events in List the sequence of events in translation.translation.

*Initiation*Elongation <Codon recognition, peptide

bond formation, translocation>*Termination

In terms of In terms of transcription and transcription and

translation, how does translation, how does genotype determine genotype determine

phenotype?phenotype?

5050 More Translation and Mutations*the information from the gene

on DNA that was inherited from parents is the genotype. It is transcribed onto mRNA, and eventually translated into a protein. The protein is the

phenotype (expression of the genotype)

1010 Evolution 1

What does the theory of evolution suggest about all living organisms?

1010 Evolution 1

All living organisms came from a common ancestor.

Studying preserved Studying preserved organisms in organisms in

sedimentary rock is sedimentary rock is used as what?used as what?

Evolution 1

2020 Evolution 1

Evidence of EvolutionEvidence of Evolution

3030 Evolution 1

When looking at structures that are very similar but different in function, what kind of evidence of evolution are you studying?

3030 Evolution 1

Homologous structures

4040 Evolution 1

A fire wipes out an entire population of organisms. A few survive, reproduce, and give rise to a new population. This is an example of…

4040Evolution 1

*Bottleneck effect (Genetic Drift)

5050 Evolution 1

Variation in a population is Variation in a population is only significant if what?only significant if what?

5050 Evolution 1

*The variation allows for traits that increase the fitness of the population. *Beneficial traits are heritable and are passed on through reproduction.

My name is Bond, Ionic Bond;Taken, not shared!

Evolution 2

10 Population Growth

From: Mariano Cecowski <MCecowski#NoSpam.sif.com.ar>

Q: if both a bear in Yosemite and one in Alaska fall into the waterwhich one disolves faster?

A: The one in Alaska because it is

HIJKLMNO

10 Population Growth

Alimentary: What Sherlock Holmes said to Dr. Watson.

Urinate: What a nurse would say if a patient asked her what room he's in.

Urine - The opposite of "You're out!"Benign: What we want when we are eight.

Intestine - Currently taking an exam

CARDIOLOGY: advanced study of poker playing

TERMINAL ILLNESS: getting sick at the airport

1010 Evolution 2

Dark colored moths outnumbered light colored moths in Manchester England during the Industrial Revolution.

How would Lamarck explain this phenomenon?

1010 Evolution 2

According to his Theory of Evolution by Acquired Characteristics, Lamarck would suggest that the light colored moths turned dark colored, reproduced, and passed on this acquired trait to the next generation.

1010 Genetics 2Genetics 2

2020 Evolution 2

Dark colored moths outnumbered light colored moths in Manchester England during the Industrial Revolution.

How would Darwin explain this phenomenon?

Darwin would have explained through his Theory of Evolution Darwin would have explained through his Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. Light moths were easily seen by by Natural Selection. Light moths were easily seen by

predators and therefore more likely to be eaten. Dark moths predators and therefore more likely to be eaten. Dark moths were naturally selected to survive in that their dark traits were naturally selected to survive in that their dark traits

allowed them to blend into their environment. The dark moths allowed them to blend into their environment. The dark moths survived, reproduced, and overtime there were more dark survived, reproduced, and overtime there were more dark

colored moths in the population. colored moths in the population.

2020 Evolution 2

3030 Evolution 2

Variation within a Variation within a population comes population comes from….from….

3030 Evolution 2

*new allele combinations that arise from mutations.

3030 Genetics 2Genetics 2

4040 Evolution 2

Darwin observed selective breeding of dogs to help him better understand natural selection. What did he call this type of selective breeding?

4040 Evolution 2

*artificial selection

5050 Evolution 2

Upon application of a pesticide in her garden, Sally initially found it to be an effective method to destroy the pests. Within a few months, the pesticide was completely ineffective and her garden was being destroyed by pests. (a)Why did the pesticide become ineffective?(b)What should she do?

5050 Evolution 2

(a)(a) The pesticide destroyed 99% of the The pesticide destroyed 99% of the pests, but 1% had a mutation that pests, but 1% had a mutation that enabled them immunity to the enabled them immunity to the pesticide. The pesticide-resistant pesticide. The pesticide-resistant pests then reproduce, and overtime pests then reproduce, and overtime their population increased in the their population increased in the garden.garden.

(b)(b) Sally will need to get a new Sally will need to get a new pesticidepesticide

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