More on auxiliaries

EG, Lessons 35-37: “Combining Auxiliaries,” “The Suffixes of Auxiliary Verbs,” & “Tense”

Combining Auxiliaries

SSWBAT:

1. Demonstrate it’s possible for a

sentence to have more than one

auxiliary.

You should have called earlier.

Next month, Jim and Julie will have

been dating for two years.

SSWBAT:

2. List the order of the auxiliaries in a

verb phrase. (review)

TENSE (MODAL) (PERFECT)

(PROGRESSIVE)

TENSE (MODAL) (Have + [-en]) (Be +

[-ing])

Order of auxiliaries

T E N S E (M O D A L ) (H A V E + [-e n ]) (B E + [-in g ])

A U X M V

M V P

SSWBAT:

3. State the name for a verb phrase that

is marked for both the perfect and the

progressive aspect.

The perfect progressive

SSWBAT:

4. Identify the following components

within the AUX of a sentence’s VP:

– The modal

– The past or present perfect

– The past or present progressive

Identify the parts of AUX

They will be hearing a speaker next

Friday.

They will be hearing a speaker next

Friday. Modal + progressive

They have already heard two other

speakers.

Identify the parts of AUX

They have already heard two other

speakers. Present perfect

Jake and Julie have been taking

dance lessons.

Identify the parts of AUX

Jake and Julie have been taking

dance lessons.

Present perfect progressive

Dave had been looking for a new car.

Identify the parts of AUX

Dave had been looking for a new car.

Past perfect progressive

Review

1. Demonstrate that a sentence can have

more than one auxiliary.

2. List the order of the auxiliaries in the

MVP.

3. State the name of MVP that is marked

for the perfect and progressive.

Review

4. Identify: modal, past or present

perfect, past or present progressive

• We should have been there by now.

• We had been driving for three hours

when the baby finally fell asleep.

The Suffixes of Auxiliary Verbs

SSWBAT:

1. Name the suffix that accompanies

have to mark the perfect. State its

usual forms.

The past participle (happened before

another time)

-ed or -en

SSWBAT:

2. Prove that the past participle form of a

verb can be different from its simple

past form.

– (Many verbs use the same form for both:

Sarah hugged her little cousin. Sarah

has hugged her little cousin before.)

Simple past & past participle

ate, eaten--I have eaten already.

saw, seen--We have seen this before.

did, done--Jake has done the dishes.

went, gone--They have gone to class.

was/were, been--Julie has been there.

SSWBAT:

3. Name the suffix that accompanies be

to mark the progressive. State its only

form.

Present participle (happening then)

-ing

SSWBAT:

4. State the form auxiliaries or main

verbs take when immediately

preceded by a modal.

The infinitive (unmarked, basic) form.

You should come. He should be arriving

soon.

SSWBAT:

1. Name the suffix used with have to mark the perfect.

2. Prove that past participle form of a verb can be different from its simple past.

3. Name the suffix used with be to mark the progressive.

4. Name the form the AUX or MV takes when it is immediately preceded by a modal.

SSWBAT:

5. Create a sentence for each of the

following configurations of AUX:

a) Modal

Jake might be late.

SSWBAT:

b) Past perfect

Sarah had told me that.

c) Present perfect

Julie has forgotten her pen.

SSWBAT:

d) Modal + perfect

Dave might have written that.

e) Past progressive

Julie was talking to a friend.

SSWBAT:

f) Present progressive

Julie is talking to a friend.

g) Modal + progressive

Julie could be talking to a friend.

SSWBAT:

h) Past perfect progressive

Julie had been talking to a friend.

i) Present perfect progressive

Julie has been talking to a friend.

SSWBAT:

j) Modal + perfect progressive

Julie may have been talking to a friend.

Review

5. Create a sentence that contains:

a modal + perfect

present progressive

past perfect progressive

modal + perfect progressive

SSWBAT:

6. Define gerund.

Verb + -ing functioning as a NOUN.

Reading is one of Dave’s hobbies.

Dave enjoys reading.

Jake likes singing in the collegiate choir.

SSWBAT:

7. Provide two example sentences that

each include a gerund.

– Writing a good paper takes effort.

– Many people struggle with memorizing.

– After smiling, the baby started to coo.

SSWBAT:

8. Distinguish a gerund from a verb with

progressive aspect.

– Writing a good paper takes effort.

– Jake is writing a paper.

– His favorite pastime is writing. (Note!)

Gerund versus progressive

Jake is writing a paper.

– Jake is doing something! Progressive

His favorite pastime is writing.

– No one is doing anything.

– Linking verb + predicate nominative/

gerund

Review

6. Define gerund.

7. Provide 2 sentences that each include a gerund.

8. Distinguish a gerund from the progressive.

• We are making good progress.• His life-long hobby has been painting.

Tense

SSWBAT:

1. Prove that a grammatical tense does

not necessarily match real world time

by using (a) the present progressive

and (b) the simple present to refer to a

future time.

Present to express future

• I am going to mow the yard tomorrow.

• Her fiancé leaves Sunday morning.

• We’re spending Thanksgiving at my

parents’home.

• She sings at church every weekend.

SSWBAT:

2. Provide two sentences that prove that

modals are not visibly marked for

tense.

• Julie may/might have been at Sarah’s

party last night.

Modals don’t show tense.

• I will give her a call now.

• I would give her a call now, but I don’t

think she’d want to talk to me.

• They can/could go with us next

Thursday.

SSWBAT:

3. Show that tense is marked on the first

word in the MVP. (Remember tense is

not visible on modals.)

Tense on 1st word in MVP

• We had been planning to leave

yesterday.

• *We have were planning to leave

yesterday.

• *We should had been planning this

earlier.

Review

1. Prove grammatical tense may not match real time.

2. Provide two sentences that show modals are not visibly marked for tense.

3. Show tense is marked on the first member of the MVP.

SSWBAT:

4. Name the two tenses that exist in

English.

• Present & past

Present & past

• Be is the most visibly marked verb for

tense.

• Present be; past be forms:

– am, are, is; was, were

• Future be?

– Nothing. Use infinitive (+ modal).

SSWBAT:

5. Show how the simple present and past

are typically marked on MVs.

• Try work: I/you/she/we/they __ hard.

– Present: -s only on third person singular

– Past: -ed on all persons

SSWBAT:

6. List at least 3 verbs that take irregular

past forms.

• Eat, ate; bite, bit; sit, sat; hear, heard;

go, went; set, set; make, made; tell,

told; say, said; feed, fed; do, did; etc.

SSWBAT:

7. Illustrate two ways future time is

marked in English.

• Modal will (or be going to) . (MV--

infinitive form)

– We are going to/will leave after class.

– I’ll tell you later.

Ways to mark future time

• Adverb or adverbial phrase reveals the

time is in the future.

– They graduate this coming May.

– We’re meeting to work on our

presentation after class.

SSWBAT:

8. Demonstrate how English marks

future time on verbs in the perfect,

progressive, and perfect progressive.

• Perfect: I have finished.

• We will have finished (before you).

Modal required!

Future time with aspect

• Progressive: We are practicing our

presentation.

• We will/are going to be practicing

our presentation. Modal.

• We are practicing our presentation

on Sunday. Adverbial phrase

Future time with aspect

• Perfect progressive: I have been

reading for three hours.

• When the clock strikes six, I will

have been reading for three hours.

• Modal required! Adverbial

phrase/clause is very helpful.

Review

4. Name the two verb tenses in English.

5. Show how the simple present and

simple past tenses are typically

marked on MVs.

6. List 3 verbs that have an irregular past

tense form.

Review

7. Illustrate two ways English marks

future time.

8. Demonstrate how future time is shown

on MVPs in (a) the perfect, (b) the

progressive, and (c) the perfect

progressive aspect forms.