More Review

Are Viruses Alive?

Virus Structure

What is an envelope?What is just a viroid made of?What is a prion made of?

Know Your Terms• Fever• Autotroph • Pathogenic • Host• Immunity • Vaccine• Bacteriophages • Anaerobic• Chemosynthesis

Organism that doesn’t use oxygen

An increase in body temperature

Viruses that attack only bacteria

Injected dead or weakened virus to increase immunity

Organisms that can make their own food

Resistance to a disease

Using energy from inorganic chemicals to make food

Disease causing

An organism that has another organism living on or in it

Shapes of Viruses

HelicalPolyhedralBinalFilovirus

What shape is it?

What shape is it?

What shape is it?

What shape is it?

What shape is it?

What shape is it?

What shape is it?

How were viruses discovered?

Dmitri Ivanovsky Martinus Beijerinck

Viral Diseases?

Virus Life CycleViruses Replicate, not reproduce!

Lytic vs. Lysogenic?

How can we use viruses for good?

Kingdom MONERA – all prokaryotes (bacteria)

Monera

Archaebacteria Eubacteria

So different that many scientists have them as two separate kingdoms

Archaebacteria – “ancient bacteria”

Methanogens HalophilesThermophiles

Eubacteria – “true bacteria”, live in less harsh conditions, found everywhere

E. coli Salmonella

Shape – 3 basic shapes

Coccus Bacillus

Spirillum

Cell Arrangement

• Diplo- in pairs• Strepto – in chains• Staphylo – in a cluster (like grapes)• Tetrad – a group of 4 coccus bacteria• Sarcina – group of 8 coccus bacteria in a cube

like arrangement

diplococcus

streptococcus

bacillus

spirillum

diplobacillus

staphylococcus

coccus

tetrad

streptobacillus

Food Sources

Autotroph Heterotroph

ParasitePhotosynthesis

Chemosynthesis Saprophyte

Respiration

•Anaerobic

•Aerobic

Reproduction

• Conjugation• Transformation• Binary fission

Asexual?Sexual?Most common?

Favorable Conditions?

• Warmth• Moisture• Darkness• Food

What can some bacteria do to survive if conditions are not favorable?

Bacterial Diseases?

Bacterial Diseases

Endotoxins Exotoxins

Are all bacteria bad?

• Benefits?

Disease

• Any malfunction of the body

Infectious – caused by germs

• Germs – bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, small animals

Viruses bacteria fungi roundworms flatworms

Communicable

• Can be spread from 1 organism to another

Direct contact

Indirect contact

Contaminated food / water Animal bites

Airborn

Which is the most common?

Direct Contact

• Touching an infected person

Shaking handsHigh five

Indirect Contact

• Touching an object that an infected person has touched

Air born

• Travel through the air – effect respiratory system

Cold viruses in droplets can be transmitted to a person as far as 15 feet away

Animal Bites

Bubonic plague

buboes

Malaria

Lyme disease

Rabies

Contaminated Food and Water

Amoebic dysentery

• caused from contaminated water

Salmonella

• eating raw or undercooked foods

Botulism

• improperly canned foods

Serious cases can cause death from heart or respiratory failure

Body’s Defenses

1st Line 2nd Line 3rd Line

1st line – structural defense

2nd Line – cellular defense

3rd Line – chemical defense

Immunity – resistance to a disease

How do you get immunity?

Inborn Acquired

Get disease

Vaccine

Serum Shot