THE PROGRESSIVE ERA:

1900-1920

Mr. Pagliaro

Seymour High School

@PagsAPUSH

Part 1Progressives & Progressivism

Part 1 Objectives

1. Explain the four goals of progressivism.

2. Summarize progressive efforts to clean up government.

3. Identify progressive efforts to reform state government, protect workers, and reform elections.

Progressivism: KEY POINTS

Most reformer leaders = middle-classFocus: urban or consumer issues

Beliefs that government should:Fix social issuesRegulate industryImprove labor conditions

Against Social Darwinism – focus on cooperation

Progressive movements

Political & Social reformsExposing corruptionModernizationElection reformsMunicipal reformFamily and foodConstitutional changeProhibition

Economic policies

Four Basic goals of Progressives

1) Protect Social Welfare

2) Promote Moral Improvement

3) Create Economic Reform

4) Foster Efficiency

Specific Goals of Progressivism

Democratization of political processDirect election of senatorsWomen’s suffrage

Reform state & local politicsPublic opinion: initiative, referendum, recallCommission/City-planner local stylesWeaken political machines w/ nonpartisan local politics

Regulation of big businessRegulate child laborAntitrust lawsLaws to protect consumers

Reading Review:

What is an initiative? What is a referendum? What is a recall vote?

Progressives didn’t…

fight for civil rights reforms want labor reforms to lead to socialism

Progressive legal reforms

Constitutional Amendments

Federal laws

16th – income tax 17th – direct election of

senators 18th – prohibition 19th – women’s suffrage

1890: Sherman Antitrust Act 1902: Newlands Reclamation Act 1906:

Pure Food and Drug Act Meat Inspection Act

1910: Mann Act Mann-Elkins Act

1913: Clayton Antitrust Act Federal Reserve Act

Part 2Muckrakers

Part 2 Objectives

1. Identify the role of journalists in shaping social and political reform during the progressive era.

2. Evaluate the roles of Upton Sinclair, Jacob Riis, and Ida Tarbell.

Muckrakers

Investigative reportersPromoted reformsExposed government corruptionUncovered urban problemsRevealed business dishonesty

Criticized political bosses, robber barons Large audience due to mass circulation

Newspapers, magazines

Leading Muckrakers

Upton Sinclair Ida Tarbell Lincoln Steffens Jacob Riis

Upton Sinclair

The Jungle (1906)Exposed disgusting situation of American

meatpacking industry Public outcry forced Congress to pass:

Meat Inspection Act (1906)Pure Food & Drug Act (1906)

Mary had a little Lamb and When she saw it start to sicken She shipped it off to packing town and now they call it Chicken

The Meat Inspection Act

The Pure Food & Drug Act

Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906halted the sale of

contaminated foods and medicines

truth in labeling

The Pure Food and Drug Act took medicines with cocaine and other harmful ingredients off the market

Ida M. Tarbell Leading female muckraker McClure’s Magazine

The History of the Standard Oil Trust - 1902-04○ Criticized Rockefeller’s practices

“The Mother of all Trusts”

○ Used horizontal AND vertical integrationNO competition for drilling, refining, and delivery

Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States, (1911)Broke trust into several competing companies

U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt depicted as the infant Hercules grappling with Standard Oil in a 1906 Puck magazine cartoon

Lincoln Steffens

The Shame of the CitiesExposed public corruption

○ Help immigrants under thumbs of political machines

Jacob Riis

How the Other Half LivesPhoto journalism; bookFlash photography

○ Focus on immigrants, Lower East Side, NYC○ Gave a face to poverty

Helped promote reform:- Tenement housing- Sweatshop working conditions

- Related poor conditions to high rates of crime, alcoholism, family issues

Progressive groups

Women’s Christian Temperance Union, Anti-Saloon LeagueProhibition

YMCA & Salvation ArmyProtect social welfare

Industrial Efficiency

Louis BrandeisLimit women’s hours @ work

Scientific ManagementFrederick Taylor (Taylor Method)

Assembly linesHenry Ford

FOSTERING EFFICIENCY Scientific

Management Frederick Taylor

motion studiesimprove factory

efficiency

REGULATING BIG BUSINESS Robert La

FolletteGov. Wisconsin

○ regulation of big business

Robert La Follette

PROTECTING WORKING CHILDREN

Child labor reformsprone to accidents

caused by fatigueNearly every state

limited or banned child labor by 1918

EFFORTS TO LIMIT HOURS

Reduced women’s work week

Goal: 40 hour weeks/worker

Workman’s compensation

ELECTION REFORM

Australian (Secret) Ballot

Recall Referendum Initiatives Primary elections

DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS Before 1913, each

state’s legislature had chosen its own U.S. senators

Eliminated influence of political machines Congress passed the

17th Amendment (1913)

Part 3Progressive Presidents

Part 3 Objectives

1. Explain how Roosevelt used the power of the presidency to regulate business.

2. Identify laws passed to protect public health and the environment.

3. Summarize Roosevelt's stand on civil rights.

4. Explain the division in the Republican Party.

5. Describe the election of 1912.

6. Describe Woodrow Wilson's background and the progressive reforms of his presidency.

Theodore Roosevelt

26th President – Republican Party

1901-1909 Addressed –

Meat packing industryUnsafe medicinal productsEnvironmental conservationFighting railroad trusts

Square Deal Labor Arbitration

TRUSTBUSTING

1900, Trusts – controlled 80% of U.S. industries Sued under

Sherman Antitrust Act

1902 COAL STRIKE 1902: 140,000 coal

miners strike wanting: 20 % pay increase 9-hour work day right to unionize

Mine owners refused to bargain

Roosevelt settled the dispute Fed must help if strikes

affect public

Settlement:10% Pay Increase

9-hour workdayNo UnionizationArbitration board

ROOSEVELT AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Preserve nation’s natural resources

Roosevelt pushed conservation

Roosevelt, left, was an avid outdoorsman – here he is with author

John Muir at Yosemite Park

ROOSEVELT’S ENVIROMENTAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS

148 million acres of forest reserves

1.5 million acres of water-power sites

50 wildlife sanctuaries National parks

Yosemite National Park, CA

William H. Taft

27th President – Roosevelt’s handpicked successorSupport of Payne-Aldrich Tariff

○ Failed to appease progressive Republicans○ Split party

Busted 90 trusts in 4 years (double TR)

Election of 1912

Election of 1912

Election of 1912

42%

28%

24%

6%

% of popular vote

WilsonRooseveltTaftDebs

Woodrow Wilson 28th President – 1913-1921

Former governor of NJ, president of Princeton

Southern Economic policies attacked:

TrustsHigh TariffsBanking Issues

Economic Legislation during Wilson’s Administration Underwood Tariff – 1913: LOWER

Boosted by 16th Amendment – Income Tax Aid to farmers

Smith-Lever Act – 1914 – Taught new techniquesFederal Farm Loan Act – 1916 – Low interest loans

Aid to workersClayton Antitrust Act – 1914 – strengthened antitrust

laws○ Held business owners liable for adherence to laws

Federal Reserve Act - 1913 New central banking system of USA

Aided spread of currency & credit

FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION (FTC) FORMED

Formed 1914 “watchdog” agency

end unfair business practices

protects consumers from business fraud

Today the FTC has been working on protecting consumers from ID theft

Foreign Policy (PRE WWI)

Halted aid to Pancho Villa’s Mexican revolutionariesRecognized legitimacy of Carranza’s regime

Mexican Expedition – 1916 to 1917John J. Pershing4,300 soldiersResponse to Villa’s Columbus, NM raid

Part 4Reformers & Suffragettes

Part 4 Objectives

1. Describe the growing presence of women in the workforce at the turn of the 20th century.

2. Identify leaders of the woman suffrage movement.

3. List the steps leading to woman suffrage.

4. Explain how woman suffrage was achieved.

Jane Addams

Hull House – ChicagoSettlement houses helped urban poor

○ Nurseries for working mothers○ Reports condemned living conditions for poor○ Literacy classes

Women’s Suffrage

NWSA-1869-National Women’s Suffrage AssociationSusan B. Anthony, Elisabeth

Cady Stanton NAWSA-1890

THREE-PART STRATEGY FOR WINNING SUFFRAGE

1) Convince state legislatures (Succeeded in Wyoming, Utah, Idaho, Colorado)

2) Pursue court cases to test 14th Amendment

3) Push for national Constitutional amendment

WOMEN AND REFORM 1896 formation of National

Association of Colored Women (NACW)Goals:

○ Suffrage○ Improve working conditions

Women & Progressive Reforms

Ida B. Wells-Barnett – anti-lynching, suffrage, and civil rights

Margaret Sanger – birth control activist, promoted sex educationFounded American Birth Control LeagueAnti-abortion

Others campaigned forChild labor legislationLimiting hours for women & children

Women & the Workplace

Majority of female workers: young, unmarried

Most work outside of home includedDomestic servants (>60%)Garment work (20%)TeachersCigar makers

Little opportunity for advanced degreesEmergence of “Seven Sisters” Colleges

Part 5African-Americans during the Progressive Era

Part 5 Objectives

1. Identify Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois

2. Analyze the foundation of the NAACP

3. Summarize the challenges faced by African Americans that emerged during the Progressive Era.

Booker T. Washington Main African American leader 1890-1915

Author, educator, oratorFounder, Tuskegee Institute (industrial

education)Atlanta Address, 1895

○ Promoted hiring of nation’s blacks over immigrants

○ Promoted gradualism, (education) and separatism (segregation)

W.E.B. Du Bois Author, scholar, civil rights activist Goals included integration, education,

progress for Civil Rights 1903 – Talented Tenth

Promoted advancement via classical education 1905 – Niagara Movement

Advocated economic, political, & social equality 1909 – Founded NAACP

The NAACP

Goal: Equality of all racesFocused on using courts to achieve

equality/justice○ Attack Jim Crow legislation

6,000 members in first 5 years,currently 300,000

Newsletter: The Crisis

LIMITS OF PROGRESSIVISM

Roosevelt, Taft, & Wilson retreated on Civil Rights once in office

“Birth of a Nation”-1915 Gave rise to 2nd KKK

○ peaked in membership in 1920sBanned by Ku Klux Klan Act,

1871○ New form was:

RacistAnti-catholicAnti-immigrantAnti-semetic

The KKK reached a membership of 4.5 million in the 1920s

"It is like writing history with lightning, and my only regret is that it

is all so terribly true.“-President, Woodrow Wilson

Topics to review for AP exam

Goals of progressivism Upton Sinclair, Ida

Tarbell, and Jacob Riis Legislation under

Roosevelt The Federal Reserve

Act

Dollar Diplomacy Women in in the Progressive

Era The 16th, 17th, and 18th

amendments Varying viewpoints on civil

rights advocacy