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The Muscular SystemThe Muscular System
Specialized tissue that enable the Specialized tissue that enable the body and its parts to move.body and its parts to move.
Anterior ViewAnterior View
Posterior ViewPosterior View
TRIVIA!TRIVIA! How many muscles are there in the human body?
Answer: 640 Muscles The muscles make up about 40 % of the body mass.
What is the longest muscle in the body? Answer: The Sartorius The Sartorius runs from the outside of the hip, down and across to the
inside of the knee. It twists and pulls the thigh outwards.
What is the smallest muscle in the body? Answer: The Stapedius The Stapedius is located deep in the ear. It is only 5mm long and thinner
than cotton thread. It is involved in hearing.
What is the biggest muscle in the body? Answer: The Gluteus Maximus The Gluteus Maximus is located in the buttock. It pulls the leg
backwards powerfully for walking and running.
Functions of the MusclesFunctions of the Muscles
MovementMovementMaintenance of posture and muscle Maintenance of posture and muscle
tonetoneHeat productionHeat productionProtects the bones and internal Protects the bones and internal
organs.organs.
Muscle ClassificationMuscle Classification
FunctionallyFunctionallyVoluntarily – can be moved at willVoluntarily – can be moved at willInvoluntarily – can’t be moved Involuntarily – can’t be moved
intentionallyintentionally
StructurallyStructurallyStriated – have stripes across the fiberStriated – have stripes across the fiberSmooth – no striations Smooth – no striations
The 3 Types of MusclesThe 3 Types of Muscles
S ke le ta l M u sc le S m ooth M u sc le C ard iac M u sc le
3 Typ es o f M u sc les
Smooth MuscleSmooth Muscle
Fibers are thin Fibers are thin and spindle and spindle shaped.shaped.
No striationsNo striationsSingle nucleiSingle nuclei InvoluntaryInvoluntaryContracts slowlyContracts slowly
Smooth MuscleSmooth Muscle They fatigue… but very slowlyThey fatigue… but very slowly Found in the circulatory systemFound in the circulatory system
Lining of the blood vesselsLining of the blood vessels Helps in the circulation of the bloodHelps in the circulation of the blood
Found in the digestive systemFound in the digestive system Esophagus, stomach, intestineEsophagus, stomach, intestine Controls digestionControls digestion
Found in the respiratory systemFound in the respiratory system Controls breathingControls breathing
Found in the urinary systemFound in the urinary system Urinary bladderUrinary bladder Controls urinationControls urination
Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle
Cells are branched Cells are branched and appear fused and appear fused with one anotherwith one another
Has striationsHas striations Each cell has a Each cell has a
central nucleicentral nuclei InvoluntaryInvoluntary
Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle
Found ONLY in the heartFound ONLY in the heartContractions of the heart muscles Contractions of the heart muscles
pump blood throughout the body and pump blood throughout the body and account for the heartbeat.account for the heartbeat.
Healthy cardiac muscle NEVER fatigues Healthy cardiac muscle NEVER fatigues or else… or else…
Skeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle
Fibers are long and Fibers are long and cylindricalcylindrical
Has many nucleiHas many nuclei Has striationsHas striations
Have alternating Have alternating dark and light bandsdark and light bands
VoluntaryVoluntary
Skeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle
Attached to skeleton by tendonsAttached to skeleton by tendonsCauses movement of bones at the Causes movement of bones at the
joints.joints.And yes… they do fatigue And yes… they do fatigue Muscle fatigue activity Muscle fatigue activity what what
substance forms causing muscle substance forms causing muscle fatigue???fatigue???
Functions of Skeletal MuscleFunctions of Skeletal Muscle
Movement – muscle move bones by Movement – muscle move bones by pulling not pushing.pulling not pushing. SynergistsSynergists – any movement is generally – any movement is generally
accomplished by more than one muscle. All accomplished by more than one muscle. All of the muscles responsible for the movement of the muscles responsible for the movement are synergists. are synergists.
The one that is most responsible for the The one that is most responsible for the movement is the movement is the Prime Mover (agonist)Prime Mover (agonist)..
Functions of Skeletal MuscleFunctions of Skeletal Muscle
MovementMovement AntagonistsAntagonists – muscles and muscle groups – muscles and muscle groups
usually work in pairs usually work in pairs
– – example the biceps flex your arm and example the biceps flex your arm and its partner the triceps extend your arm. The its partner the triceps extend your arm. The two muscles are two muscles are antagonistsantagonists, i.e. cause , i.e. cause opposite actions. opposite actions.
– – when one contracts the other relaxes.when one contracts the other relaxes. LevatorsLevators – muscle that raise a body part. – muscle that raise a body part.
All skeletal muscles have fascicles
Fascicle arrangement allows different functions of muscles
• parallel (fusiform)--strap• pennate (feather)
• convergent—fan, triangle
• circular (sphincter)—squeeze
Fascicle ArrangementFascicle Arrangement
Determined by fascicular Determined by fascicular arrangement arrangement
Skeletal muscle shortens to 70% of resting length
• parallel--shorter, not powerful
• pennate--lots of fibers, powerful
Power and Range of Motion
Pennate Muscles Pennate Muscles
Unipennate: : fibers on 1 side of tendon fibers on 1 side of tendon e.g.,e.g., extensor digitorum extensor digitorum
Bipennate: fibers on both sides of tendon fibers on both sides of tendon e.g.,e.g., rectus femoris rectus femoris
Figure 11–1c, d, e
– tendon branches within muscle e.g., deltoid• MultipennateMultipennate::• Form angle with tendon• Don’t move as far as
parallel muscles• Contain more myofibrils
than parallel muscles• Develop more tension
than parallel muscles
Functions of Skeletal MuscleFunctions of Skeletal Muscle
Maintenance of posture or muscle toneMaintenance of posture or muscle tone We are able to maintain our body position because We are able to maintain our body position because
of tonic contractions in our skeletal muscles. These of tonic contractions in our skeletal muscles. These contractions don’t produce movement yet hold our contractions don’t produce movement yet hold our muscles in position.muscles in position.
Heat productionHeat production – contraction of muscles – contraction of muscles produces most of the heat required to maintain produces most of the heat required to maintain body temperature.body temperature.
Structure of Skeletal MuscleStructure of Skeletal Muscle
Composed of striated muscle cells (=muscle Composed of striated muscle cells (=muscle fibers) and connective tissue.fibers) and connective tissue. Most muscles attach to 2 bones that have a Most muscles attach to 2 bones that have a
moveable joint between them. moveable joint between them. The attachment to the bone that does not move is the The attachment to the bone that does not move is the
originorigin. . The attachment to the bone that moves is the The attachment to the bone that moves is the insertioninsertion..
TendonsTendons anchor muscle firmly to bones. Tendons anchor muscle firmly to bones. Tendons are made of dense fibrous connective tissue.are made of dense fibrous connective tissue.
LigamentsLigaments connect bone to bone at a joint. connect bone to bone at a joint.
Structure of Skeletal MuscleStructure of Skeletal Muscle
BursaeBursae – small fluid filled sacs that lie – small fluid filled sacs that lie between some tendons and the bones between some tendons and the bones beneath them. They are made of beneath them. They are made of connective tissue and are lined with connective tissue and are lined with synovial membrane that secretes synovial synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid.fluid.
Movement of MusclesMovement of Muscles
Origin:Origin: the attachment of the attachment of the muscle to the bone the muscle to the bone that remains stationarythat remains stationary
Insertion:Insertion: the attachment the attachment of the muscle to the bone of the muscle to the bone that movesthat moves
Belly:Belly: the fleshy part of the fleshy part of the muscle between the the muscle between the tendons of origin and/or tendons of origin and/or insertion insertion
origin
insertion
belly
Movement of skeletal muscleMovement of skeletal muscle
These muscles move when the brain These muscles move when the brain sends messages to the musclesends messages to the muscle
Always work in pairsAlways work in pairs2 movements of skeletal muscle2 movements of skeletal muscle
Contraction (shorten)Contraction (shorten)Extension (lengthen)Extension (lengthen)
Categories of Categories of skeletal muscle actionsskeletal muscle actions
CategoriesCategories ActionsActions
Extensor Extensor Increases the angle at a jointIncreases the angle at a joint FlexorFlexor Decreases the angle at a jointDecreases the angle at a joint AbductorAbductor Moves limb away from midline of Moves limb away from midline of
bodybody AdductorAdductor Moves limb toward midline of bodyMoves limb toward midline of body Levator Levator Moves insertion upward Moves insertion upward DepressorDepressor Moves insertion downwardMoves insertion downward RotatorRotator Rotates a bone along its axisRotates a bone along its axis SphincterSphincter Constricts an openingConstricts an opening
Practice these MovementsPractice these Movements
1.1. Bend armBend arm
- biceps - biceps contract contract
- triceps - triceps extend extend
2.2. Straighten armStraighten arm
- biceps - biceps extend extend
- triceps - triceps contract contract
3. Bend knee3. Bend knee
- quadriceps - quadriceps extend extend
- hamstrings - hamstrings contract contract
4. Straighten knee4. Straighten knee - quadriceps - quadriceps contract contract - hamstrings - hamstrings extend extend
5.5. Crunches Crunches- abdomen - abdomen contract contract- back muscles - back muscles extend extend
6.6. Point toesPoint toes- calf muscle - calf muscle contract contract- shin muscle - shin muscle extend extend
More MovementsMore Movements
Naming Skeletal MusclesNaming Skeletal Muscles
Location of the muscleLocation of the muscleShape of the muscleShape of the muscleRelative Size of the muscleRelative Size of the muscleDirection/Orientation of the muscle Direction/Orientation of the muscle
fibers/cellsfibers/cellsNumber of OriginsNumber of OriginsLocation of the AttachmentsLocation of the AttachmentsAction of the muscleAction of the muscle
Muscles Named by LocationMuscles Named by Location
EpicraniusEpicranius
(around cranium)(around cranium)
Tibialis anteriorTibialis anterior (front of tibia)(front of tibia)
tibialis anterior
Naming Skeletal MusclesNaming Skeletal Muscles
Shape:Shape:
deltoid (triangle)deltoid (triangle)
trapezius (trapezoid, 2 trapezius (trapezoid, 2 parallel sides)parallel sides)
serratus (saw-serratus (saw-toothed)toothed)
rhomboideus rhomboideus (rhomboid, 4 parallel (rhomboid, 4 parallel sides)sides)
orbicularis and orbicularis and sphincters (circular)sphincters (circular)
Rhomboideusmajor
Trapezius
Deltoid
Serratus anterior
maximus (largest)maximus (largest)minimis (smallest)minimis (smallest) longus (longest)longus (longest)brevis (short)brevis (short)major (large)major (large)minor (small)minor (small)
Psoas major
Psoas minor
Muscles Named by SizeMuscles Named by Size
Muscles Named by Muscles Named by Direction of FibersDirection of Fibers
Rectus (straight) Rectus (straight)
––parallel to long parallel to long axisaxis
TransverseTransverse
ObliqueOblique
Rectusabdominis
External oblique
Biceps (2)Biceps (2)
Triceps (3)Triceps (3)
Quadriceps (4)Quadriceps (4)
Muscles Named for Muscles Named for Number of OriginsNumber of Origins
Biceps brachii
Muscles Named for Origin and Muscles Named for Origin and InsertionInsertion
SternocleidomastoidSternocleidomastoid originates from originates from sternum and clavicle sternum and clavicle and inserts on and inserts on mastoid process of mastoid process of temporal bonetemporal bone
origins
insertion
Muscles Named for ActionMuscles Named for Action
Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi radialis (extensor carpi radialis) (extensor carpi radialis) – – flexes wristflexes wrist
Abductor pollicis brevis Abductor pollicis brevis (adductor pollicis)(adductor pollicis)– – flexes thumbflexes thumb
Abductor magnus Abductor magnus – – abducts thighabducts thigh
Extensor digitorum Extensor digitorum – – extends fingersextends fingers
Adductormagnus
CLINICAL CORRELATIONCLINICAL CORRELATION
Exercise-Induced Muscle DamageExercise-Induced Muscle Damage Intense exercise can cause muscle damageIntense exercise can cause muscle damage
electron micrographs reveal torn electron micrographs reveal torn sarcolemmas, damaged myofibrils an sarcolemmas, damaged myofibrils an disrupted Z discsdisrupted Z discs
increased blood levels of myoglobin & creatine increased blood levels of myoglobin & creatine phosphate found only inside muscle cellsphosphate found only inside muscle cells
Delayed onset muscle sorenessDelayed onset muscle soreness 12 to 48 Hours after strenuous exercise12 to 48 Hours after strenuous exercise stiffness, tenderness and swelling due to stiffness, tenderness and swelling due to
microscopic cell damagemicroscopic cell damage
AtrophyAtrophywasting away of muscleswasting away of musclescaused by disuse (disuse atrophy) or severing of the caused by disuse (disuse atrophy) or severing of the
nerve supply (denervation atrophy)nerve supply (denervation atrophy) the transition to connective tissue can not be the transition to connective tissue can not be
reversedreversed HypertrophyHypertrophy
increase in the diameter of muscle fibers increase in the diameter of muscle fibers resulting from very forceful, repetitive muscular resulting from very forceful, repetitive muscular
activity and an increase in myofibrils, SR & activity and an increase in myofibrils, SR & mitochondriamitochondria
Axial MusculatureAxial Musculature
Arises from and inserts on the axial Arises from and inserts on the axial skeletonskeleton
Positions the head and spinal columnPositions the head and spinal column Moves the rib cage, assisting in breathingMoves the rib cage, assisting in breathing
• Axial musculature– Originates and inserts on axial skeleton
• Appendicular musculature– Stabilizes or moves components of the
appendicular skeleton
Axial muscles organized into four Axial muscles organized into four groupsgroups
Muscles of the head and neckMuscles of the head and neckMuscles of the vertebral columnMuscles of the vertebral columnOblique and rectus musclesOblique and rectus musclesMuscles of the pelvic floorMuscles of the pelvic floor
Muscles of the Head and NeckMuscles of the Head and Neck
Muscles of facial expressionMuscles of facial expression Extrinsic eye musclesExtrinsic eye muscles Muscles of masticationMuscles of mastication Muscles of the tongueMuscles of the tongue Muscles of the pharynxMuscles of the pharynx Muscles of the anterior neckMuscles of the anterior neck
Muscles of Facial ExpressionMuscles of Facial Expression
Originate on surface of skullOriginate on surface of skull Largest group associated with mouthLargest group associated with mouth
Orbicularis orisOrbicularis orisBuccinatorBuccinator
Occipitofrontalis muscleOccipitofrontalis muscleMovement of eyebrows, forehead, scalpMovement of eyebrows, forehead, scalp
PlatysmaPlatysmaSkin of neck, depresses mandibleSkin of neck, depresses mandible
Six Extra-Ocular (Oculomotor) Six Extra-Ocular (Oculomotor) MusclesMuscles
Inferior rectusInferior rectus Superior rectusSuperior rectus Medial rectusMedial rectus Lateral rectusLateral rectus Superior obliqueSuperior oblique Inferior obliqueInferior oblique
Muscles of MasticationMuscles of MasticationAct on the mandibleAct on the mandible
MasseterMasseterTemporalisTemporalisPterygoid musclesPterygoid muscles
Muscles of the TongueMuscles of the TongueNecessary for speech and swallowingNecessary for speech and swallowing
GenioglossusGenioglossusHyoglossusHyoglossusPalatoglossusPalatoglossusStyloglossus Styloglossus
Muscles of the PharynxMuscles of the Pharynx Initiate swallowingInitiate swallowing
Pharyngeal constrictorsPharyngeal constrictorsLaryngeal elevatorsLaryngeal elevators
PalatopharyngeusPalatopharyngeusSalpingopharyngeusSalpingopharyngeusStylopharyngeusStylopharyngeus
Palatal musclesPalatal muscles
Muscles of the PharynxMuscles of the Pharynx
Anterior Muscles of the NeckAnterior Muscles of the Neck Foundation for the muscles of the tongue and pharynxFoundation for the muscles of the tongue and pharynx
DigastricDigastricMylohyoidMylohyoidStylohyoidStylohyoidSternocleidomastoid Sternocleidomastoid
Anterior Muscles of the NeckAnterior Muscles of the Neck
Muscles of the Vertebral ColumnMuscles of the Vertebral Column Covered by a superficial layer of back Covered by a superficial layer of back
musclesmuscles TrapeziusTrapezius Latissimus dorsiLatissimus dorsi
Superficial and deep layersSuperficial and deep layers• Superficial muscles:
• Splenius muscles
• Spinal extensors
– Spinalis– Longissimus– Iliocostalis
• Longissimus and iliocostalis merge in lumbar region
• Deep muscles: Interconnect and stabilize the vertebrae
– Transversospinal group• Semispinalis
• Multifidus
• Rotatores
• Interspinales
– Intertransversarii
Muscles of the Vertebral ColumnMuscles of the Vertebral Column Longus capitusLongus capitus Longus colliLongus colli
Rotate and flex the neckRotate and flex the neck
Quadratus lumborum Quadratus lumborum musclesmuscles Flex the spineFlex the spine Depress the ribsDepress the ribs
Muscles of the Vertebral ColumnMuscles of the Vertebral Column
Oblique muscles of neck Oblique muscles of neck and thoraxand thorax ScalenesScalenes IntercostalsIntercostals Transverses musclesTransverses muscles
Important in respirationImportant in respiration
DiaphragmDiaphragm Separates abdominopelvic Separates abdominopelvic
and thoracic cavitiesand thoracic cavities Most important muscle in Most important muscle in
respirationrespiration
The Oblique and Rectus The Oblique and Rectus MusclesMuscles
• Oblique and Rectus Muscles
• Rectus abdominus
• Abdominal oblique muscles
– Compress underlying organs
– Rotate the vertebral column
• External oblique muscle
• Internal oblique muscle
• Rectus abdominis muscle
The Oblique and Rectus The Oblique and Rectus MusclesMuscles
The DiaphragmThe Diaphragm
Muscles of the Pelvic FloorMuscles of the Pelvic Floor Extend from the sacrum and coccyx to the ischium and pubisExtend from the sacrum and coccyx to the ischium and pubis Support the organs of the pelvic cavitySupport the organs of the pelvic cavity Flex the joints of the sacrum and coccyxFlex the joints of the sacrum and coccyx Control movement of materials through anus and urethraControl movement of materials through anus and urethra
• Perineum– Anterior urogenital triangle
• Urogenital diaphragm
– Posterior anal triangle• Pelvic diaphragm
Muscles of the Pelvic FloorMuscles of the Pelvic Floor
Figure 10.15c Muscles of the Figure 10.15c Muscles of the Pelvic FloorPelvic Floor
Appendicular musculature is Appendicular musculature is responsible forresponsible for
Stabilizing pectoral girdleStabilizing pectoral girdleStabilizing pelvic girdleStabilizing pelvic girdleMoving upper and lower limbsMoving upper and lower limbs
Four groups of muscles• Muscles that position the pectoral girdle• Muscles that move the arm• Muscles that move the forearm and hand• Muscles that move the hand and fingers
Muscles that move the pectoral Muscles that move the pectoral girdlegirdle
Trapezius muscleTrapezius muscle Affects position of pectoral girdle,Affects position of pectoral girdle,
neck, headneck, head
Rhomboid musclesRhomboid muscles Adducts scapulaAdducts scapula Deep to trapeziusDeep to trapezius Inserts on scapulaInserts on scapula
Levator scapulae muscleLevator scapulae muscle Elevates scapulaElevates scapula
• Serratus anterior muscle
– Abducts scapula– Swings shoulder anteriorly– Originates on ribs
• Subclavius and pectoralis minor muscles
– Arise along ventral surface of ribs
– Depress and protract shoulder
Muscles that Move the ArmMuscles that Move the Arm Deltoid and supraspinatusDeltoid and supraspinatus
Abduction at the shoulderAbduction at the shoulder
Supscapularis and teres Supscapularis and teres majormajor Rotate arm mediallyRotate arm medially
Infraspinatus and teres Infraspinatus and teres minorminor Rotate arm laterallyRotate arm laterally
• Rotator cuff
– Supraspinatus– Infraspinatus– Teres minor– Subscapularis
• Coracobrachialis
– Flexion and adduction at shoulder• Pectoralis major muscle
– Flexes shoulder– Adducts and medially rotates arm
• Latissumus dorsi muscle
– Extends shoulder– Adducts and medially rotates arm
Muscles that Move the ArmMuscles that Move the Arm
Muscles of the pelvic girdle and Muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limbslower limbs
Three groupsThree groupsMuscles that move the thighsMuscles that move the thighsMuscles that move the legMuscles that move the legMuscles that move the foot and toesMuscles that move the foot and toes
Muscles that Move the ThighMuscles that Move the Thigh Gluteal muscles cover lateral Gluteal muscles cover lateral
surface of iliumsurface of ilium Gluteus maximusGluteus maximus
Extension and lateral rotation of hipExtension and lateral rotation of hip Pulls on iliotibial tractPulls on iliotibial tract
Tensor fasciae latae muscleTensor fasciae latae muscle Produces flexion, abduction and Produces flexion, abduction and
medial rotationmedial rotation Pulls on iliotibial tractPulls on iliotibial tract
• Piriformis and obturator muscles
– Lateral rotators• Psoas major and iliacus
– Merge to form iliopsoas– Power flexor of hip
• Adductor group adducts hip
– Adductor magnus muscle
– Adductor brevis muscle
– Adductor longus muscle
– Pectineus muscle– Gracilis muscle
Muscles that Move the Thigh
Muscles that Move the Thigh Muscles that Move the Thigh
Muscles that Move the LegMuscles that Move the Leg Extensor muscles of the Extensor muscles of the
knee knee Anterior and lateral surfaces of Anterior and lateral surfaces of
the thighthe thigh
Flexor muscles of the kneeFlexor muscles of the knee Posterior and medial surfaces Posterior and medial surfaces
of the thighof the thigh
Flexors and adductorsFlexors and adductors Originate on pelvic girdleOriginate on pelvic girdle
ExtensorsExtensors Originate at femoral surfaceOriginate at femoral surface
• Flexors of the knee and extensors of hip
– Biceps femoris– Semimembranosus muscle– Semitendinosus muscle
• Sartorius muscle
– Flexor of knee• Popliteal muscle
– Medial rotation of tibia– Unlocks knee joint
• Quadriceps femoris knee extensors
– Vastus intermedius muscle– Vastus lateralis muscle– Vastus medialis muscle– Rectus femoris muscle
Muscles that Move the Foot and Muscles that Move the Foot and ToesToes
Gastrocnemius and soleus musclesGastrocnemius and soleus muscles Plantar flexionPlantar flexion
Tibialis anteriorTibialis anterior DorsiflexionDorsiflexion
Fibularis musclesFibularis muscles Eversion and plantar flexionEversion and plantar flexion
• Smaller muscles of calf and shin
– Position foot– Move toes
• Precise control of phalanges
– Muscles on tarsal and metatarsal bones
Muscles that Move the Forearm Muscles that Move the Forearm and Handand Hand
Biceps brachii Biceps brachii Flexes elbowFlexes elbowSupinates forearmSupinates forearm
Triceps brachiiTriceps brachiiExtends elbowExtends elbow
Muscles that Move the Forearm Muscles that Move the Forearm and Handand Hand
Brachialis and Brachialis and brachioradialisbrachioradialis Flex the elbowFlex the elbow
Anconeus muscle and Anconeus muscle and triceps brachiitriceps brachii Extend the elbow (oppose Extend the elbow (oppose
brachialis)brachialis)
Flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor Flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris carpi radialis, palmaris longuslongus Flex the wristFlex the wrist Flexor carpi ulnaris adducts Flexor carpi ulnaris adducts
wristwrist Flexor carpi radialis abducts Flexor carpi radialis abducts
wristwrist
• Extensor carpi radialis muscle
– Abducts and extends wrist• Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle
– Adducts and extends wrist• Pronator teres, pronator quadratus
muscles
– Pronate forearm without flexion or extension
• Suppinator muscle
– Opposes pronator muscles
Muscles that Move the Hand and Muscles that Move the Hand and FingersFingers
Superficial and deep muscles of Superficial and deep muscles of the forearm the forearm
Large musclesLarge muscles Tendons cross wristTendons cross wrist
Synovial tendon sheathsSynovial tendon sheaths Thickened fasciaThickened fascia
Extensor retinaculum and flexor Extensor retinaculum and flexor retinaculumretinaculum
Carpal tunnel syndromeCarpal tunnel syndrome
Extrinsic Muscles that Move the Hand and Extrinsic Muscles that Move the Hand and FingersFingers
Intrinsic Muscles, Tendons and Ligaments of Intrinsic Muscles, Tendons and Ligaments of the Handthe Hand