Post on 17-Jan-2016
transcript
NATIONALISM:REVOLUTIONS IN LATIN
AMERICAWhy were nationalistic revolutions occurring throughout Latin America?
Mexico
Spanish South America
Latin American Class System
The successes of the American & French Revolutions along with the Enlightenment began to spread into Spain & Portugal’s colonies
In Latin America, there was a strong class system set up by the people who were from the Iberian Peninsula (Spain & Portugal)
Your rights depended where you were in this system
Peninsulares
Creoles (Criollo)
Mestizos
Slaves
Indians
Europeans born in Spain/Portugal
Mixed Indian & European
Mixed African & European
Indigenous People
Europeans born in Latin America
Mulattos
African Slaves
HAITI (Saint Domingue)1791: First Latin American revolution (Caribbean Islands)
100K of the 500K enslaved Africans rose up against their masters in the French Colony of Saint Domingue (Haiti)
The slaves were led by Toussaint L’Ovuverture
Napoleon sends troops to retake the island
French trick & capture Toussaint & take him to a prison in the French Alps
Slave army now led by Jean-Jacques Dessailines
1804: Dessailines defeats French Army & creates nation of Haiti – Napoleon leaves the Americas
Significance: First totally successful African slave revolt and independent nation run by former slaves
SPANISH SOUTH AMERICASouth America’s wars of independence are led by two brilliant Creole Generals named Simon Bolívar & Jose de San Martín
Neither support Spain’s king Joseph Bonaparte
Simon Bolívar
Jose de San Martín
Venezuela declares independence from Spain in 1811 – Bolivar’s volunteer army suffers many defeats
•1821-23 – Bolívar wins, has liberated Venezuela & Colombia (Gran Colombia), he heads to Ecuador & Peru
•From Argentina (Rio De La Plata), San Martín starts an independence movement in 1816
•Spanish have a strong army in nearby Chile
• 1817: San Martín teams up w/ a Irish-Peruvian named Bernardo O’Higgins
Bernardo O’Higgins
• Together they crossed in the Andes Mountains into Chile
• Combined armies beat the Spanish in Chile• San Martín heads north to Peru
• Bolivar leads combined armies. December 9, 1824 the final battle was won in Ayacucho, Peru
•Peru independent, Bolivia created
MEXICO & CENTRAL AMERICA (New Spain)
1810: Padre Miguel Hidalgo calls for a rebellion against Spain
To symbolize the start of the war of independence, Hidalgo rang the bells of his church- El Grito de Dolores
Hidalgo’s Indian & Mestizo army began to march towards Mexico City. 80,000 strong
The Spanish Army led by Creoles would defeat Hidalgo’s army in 1811
Hidalgo will be executed by the Spanish Authorities
Padre Miguel Hidalgo
Padre Jose Maria Morelos would continue the fight for independence but the Spaniards defeat his army
Creoles unite with Mestizos and Indians calling for Independence from Spain
Creole General Agustin Iturbide declares Mexican Independence in 1821
1821: Fed up w/ wars, Spain grants independence to Mexico which includes Central America
Central America wants independence from Mexico
Iturbide is overthrown and Central American states get independence in 1823
Five independent countries form United Provinces of Central America
Jose Maria Morelos
Agustin Iturbide
BRAZIL
After Napoleon invades Portugal, the King of Portugal moves his family and government to the colony of Brazil
King João (John VI) declares Brazil the Kingdom of Portugal & Brazil
After Napoleon’s defeat King João and his royal court returned to Portugal (Legitimacy)
João’s son Pedro stays behind in Brazil
Brazilian Creoles demanded independence from Portugal
8,000 Brazilians signed a petition asking for independence & to allow João’s son Dom Pedro to rule Brazil
In 1822, King João agrees and grants Brazil independence
Brazil’s independence was a bloodless revolution
Dom Pedro I