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NERVOUS SYSTEM
Figure 49.4Central nervoussystem (CNS)
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nervoussystem (PNS)
Cranial nerves
Ganglia outsideCNS
Spinal nerves
Figure 48.3
Sensor
Effector
Sensory input
Motor output
Integration
Peripheral nervoussystem (PNS)
Central nervoussystem (CNS)
Basic Neuron Structure
Figure 48.4
Nucleus
Dendrites
Stimulus
Axon hillock
Cellbody
Presynapticcell
Signaldirection
Axon
Synapse
Neurotransmitter
Synaptic terminals
Postsynaptic cell
Synapticterminals
Cell body
Schwann cell
Depolarized region(node of Ranvier)
Myelinsheath
Axon
Figure 48.14
Presynapticcell Postsynaptic cell
Axon
Presynapticmembrane
Synaptic vesiclecontainingneurotransmitter
Postsynapticmembrane
Synapticcleft
Voltage-gatedCa2 channel
Ligand-gatedion channels
Ca2
Na
K
2
1
3
4
Figure 48.15
Table 48.2
Table 48.1
KeyNa
K
Sodium-potassiumpump
Potassiumchannel
Sodiumchannel
OUTSIDEOF CELL
INSIDEOF CELL
Figure 48.7
OUTSIDE OF CELL
INSIDE OF CELLInactivation loop
Sodiumchannel
Potassiumchannel
Threshold
Resting potential
TimeM
emb
ran
e p
ote
nti
al(m
V)
50
100
50
0
Na
K
Key
1
1
Resting state
Figure 48.11-1
OUTSIDE OF CELL
INSIDE OF CELLInactivation loop
Sodiumchannel
Potassiumchannel
Threshold
Resting potential
TimeM
emb
ran
e p
ote
nti
al(m
V)
50
100
50
0
Na
K
Key
2
1
1
2
Resting state
Depolarization
Figure 48.11-2
OUTSIDE OF CELL
INSIDE OF CELLInactivation loop
Sodiumchannel
Potassiumchannel
Actionpotential
Threshold
Resting potential
TimeM
emb
ran
e p
ote
nti
al(m
V)
50
100
50
0
Na
K
Key
2
1
3
1
2
3
Resting state
Depolarization
Rising phase of the action potential
Figure 48.11-3
OUTSIDE OF CELL
INSIDE OF CELLInactivation loop
Sodiumchannel
Potassiumchannel
Actionpotential
Threshold
Resting potential
TimeM
emb
ran
e p
ote
nti
al(m
V)
50
100
50
0
Na
K
Key
2
1
34
1
2
3
4
Resting state
Depolarization
Rising phase of the action potentialFalling phase of the action potential
Figure 48.11-4
OUTSIDE OF CELL
INSIDE OF CELLInactivation loop
Sodiumchannel
Potassiumchannel
Actionpotential
Threshold
Resting potential
TimeM
emb
ran
e p
ote
nti
al(m
V)
50
100
50
0
Na
K
Key
2
1
34
5
1
2
3
4
5 1
Resting state Undershoot
Depolarization
Rising phase of the action potentialFalling phase of the action potential
Figure 48.11-5
Figure 48.11a
Actionpotential
Threshold
Resting potential
Time
Mem
bra
ne
po
ten
tial
(mV
)
50
100
50
0
1
2
3
4
51
Figure 48.12-3
K
K
K
K
Na
Na
Na
Actionpotential
Axon
Plasma membrane
Cytosol
Actionpotential
Actionpotential
2
1
3
Figure 49.9a
Figure 49.9d
Diencephalon
ThalamusPineal glandHypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Spinal cord
Brainstem
Midbrain
Pons
Medullaoblongata
Figure 49.9c
Adult brain viewed from the rear
Cerebellum
Basal nucleiCerebrum
Left cerebralhemisphere
Right cerebralhemisphere
Cerebral cortex
Corpus callosum
Figure 49.15
Motor cortex(control ofskeletal muscles)
Frontal lobe
Prefrontal cortex(decision making,planning)
Broca’s area(forming speech)
Temporal lobe
Auditory cortex (hearing)
Wernicke’s area(comprehending language)
Somatosensory cortex(sense of touch)
Parietal lobe
Sensory associationcortex (integration ofsensory information)
Visual associationcortex (combiningimages and objectrecognition)
Occipital lobe
CerebellumVisual cortex(processing visualstimuli and patternrecognition)
Efferent neuronsAfferent neurons
Central NervousSystem
(information processing)
Peripheral NervousSystem
Sensoryreceptors
Internaland external
stimuli
Autonomicnervous system
Motorsystem
Control ofskeletal muscle
Sympatheticdivision
Parasympatheticdivision
Entericdivision
Control of smooth muscles,cardiac muscles, glands
Figure 49.7
Parasympathetic division
Action on target organs:
Constricts pupilof eye
Stimulates salivarygland secretion
Constrictsbronchi in lungs
Slows heart
Stimulates activityof stomach and
intestines
Stimulates activityof pancreas
Stimulatesgallbladder
Promotes emptyingof bladder
Promotes erectionof genitalia
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
SynapseSacral
Sympatheticganglia
Sympathetic division
Action on target organs:
Dilates pupil of eye
Accelerates heart
Inhibits salivarygland secretion
Relaxes bronchiin lungs
Inhibits activity ofstomach and intestines
Inhibits activityof pancreas
Stimulates glucoserelease from liver;inhibits gallbladder
Stimulatesadrenal medulla
Inhibits emptyingof bladder
Promotes ejaculationand vaginal contractions
Figure 49.8