Notes Quiz #1 Starts Here

The Roaring Twenties

A Clash of Values

Nativism Returns

Immigration Increases

1. Catholics from Southern Europe (Italy)

2. Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe

Sacco and Vanzetti

1. Sacco & Vanzetti were Italian immigrants to the US

2. They were anarchists3. They were accused of murdering two people4. Sacco’s gun was the same caliber as the one

used in the murders5. Found guilty & executed 6 years later

Pseudo-Scientific Racism

1. Eugenics: a false science

2. Believed some races were inferior

3. We should keep inferior races from breeding

4. People from Northern Europe were the dominant race (WASPs)

Anglo-Saxon Origins

Return of the Ku Klux Klan

1. re-founded by William Simmons (1915)2. Promoted “Americanism”3. Anti-Catholic, anti-Jew, anti-Black, anti-immigrant4. Kleagling-incentive program to increase

membership5. 4 million members by 19206. Politically powerful (TX, OK, IN, IL, CA)7. Scandals destroy the 2nd Klan

Controlling Immigration

Business is pro-immigration

1. New Immigrants provided cheap labor

2. Business supports unrestricted immigration until Red Scare of 1920-21

3. Many new immigrants seen as radicals

4. Business turns against immigration as a result of Red Scare and recession following WWI

Notes Quiz #2 Starts Here

Emergency Quota Act (1921)

1. 3% of ethnic groups in the 1910 Census allowed in per year

2. Discriminated against immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe

3. This was only a temporary law

National Origins Act (1924)

1. Replaced and revised the Emergency Quota Act of 1921

2. Reduced the immigration limit for eachethnic group from 3% to 2%

3. Moved base year from 1910 to 18904. This limited immigration from S. & E.

Europe even more than before5. Placed an overall limit of 150,000 per year

Notes Quiz #1 Ends Here

Hispanic Immigration to the US

1. Mexican immigration is not affected by the National Origins Act

2. 600,000 Mexicans come to the US from1914-1929

3. Mexicans come here for jobs4. Serve mainly as farm workers

Traditional Values –vs- the New Morality

Rural –vs- Urban Values

Traditional Values

1. Male-dominated world

2. Religious (mostly Protestant Christian)

3. Many women marry out of necessity

New Morality

1. View of romance/marriage influencedby the media

2. Marriages become based more upon love and romance

3. More women begin to worka. fewer need to marryb. they can afford to move out and

be single4. Automobile=Freedom & Independence

(continued)

4. More women attend collegea. Smithb. Wellesleyc. Judson (AL)d. Huntingdon (AL)

5. The inexpensive automobile allowedyoung people more independence

Women in the 1920s

1. Flappersa. young independent womenb. short bobbed hairc. smoked and drank in publicd. short dressese. wore make-up!!!f. Challenged the traditional role of

women

(continued)

2. Women workinga. sales clerksb. secretariesc. telephone operators

3. Margaret Mead and Planned Parenthooda. Promoted family planningb. Promoted birth controlc. Margaret Sanger

The Fundamentalist Movement

Fundamentalist Beliefs

1. Bible is literally true & without error2. Rejected Darwin and Evolution3. Creationism—God created everything

just as it exists today (no changes)4. Revivals and Evangelists

a. Billy Sunday- powerful speakerb. Aimee Semple McPhersonc. Attracted large crowds

The Scopes Trial

1. John Scopes challenges a TN law thatforbade the teaching of Evolution

2. Clarence Darrow (ACLU) defends Scopes

3. William Jennings Bryan prosecutes Scopes for the State of TN

(continued)

4. The trial is a media circus5. Dayton, TN is turned into a literal circus!6. Darrow and Bryan have a courtroom

“showdown”7. Scopes “loses” and is fined $1008. Verdict is overturned on appeal

Notes Quiz #2 Ends Here

Notes Quiz #3 Starts Here

Prohibition

18th Amendment

1. Takes effect Jan. 1920

2. Prohibits the manufacture, sale, transportation, and consumption of alcohol

The Volstead Act (1920)

1. Congress passes this to enforce Prohibition2. Not enough agents to enforce3. Corruption limits effectiveness4. Bootleggers5. Speakeasies (32,000 in NYC alone)6. Moonshining in rural areas

(continued)

6. Organized Crimea. smuggled alcohol (rum runners)b. ran speakeasiesc. paid police & elected officialsd. Al Caponee. Billions of $$$ untaxed income

21st Amendment

1. Repealed Prohibition in 19332. Legalized alcohol could be taxed by gov’t3. Main Reasons:– Weaken organized crime– Gov’t needed money to fund the New Deal

programs during the Great Depression

Cultural Innovations

Charles Lindbergh

A. First to fly solo non-stop across the Atlantic Ocean

B. NY to Paris in 33 ½ hours

C. International hero

Art and Literature

Artists challenged traditional ideas

Greenwich Village

1. You never knew what you would see

2. Bohemian lifestyles (unconventional)

Modern Art

1. Modernism/Cubism

2. Edward Hoppera. revived realismb. showed isolation/loneliness

Cubism

Edward Hopper—”Nighthawks”

Poets and Writers

1. Carl Sandburg—used common language, glorified the Midwest and American life in general

2. Edna St. Vincent Millay—youth, freedom, independence, equality of women

(continued)

3. Ernest Hemingway—disillusionment, flawed heroes, A Farewell to Arms, and The Sun Also Rises

4. F. Scott Fitzgerald—showed the emptiness and superficiality of modern Americans (esp. the wealthy), The Great Gatsby

Ernest Hemingway

F. Scott & Zelda Fitzgerald

Zelda Sayre

• Her Lanier High School yearbook quotes her,

• "Why should all life be work, when we can borrow. Let's think only of today, and not worry about tomorrow."

Popular Culture

Economic Prosperity in the 1920s leads to:

1. People having more money

2. People having more leisure time

Baseball

1. Becomes the national pastime

2. Babe Ruth—homerun king…strikeout king too!

Babe Ruth

Boxing

1. Jack Dempsey and Gene Tunney

2. Helped popularize radios

Dempsey –vs- Tunney 1927

Football

1. Notre Dame & Knute Rockne

2. Red Grange the “Galloping Ghost”

3. Alabama wins the Rose Bowl

Knute Rockne and “Red” Grange

Other Sports

1. Golf—Bobby Jones

2. Tennis—Bill Tilden and Helen Wills

3. Swimming—Gertrude Ederle, Johnny Weissmuller

Bobby Jones

Bill Tilden

Helen Wills

Gertrude Ederle

Johnny Weissmuller

Rise of Hollywood

1. Silent Films2. Movie Stars:

a. Rudolph Valentinob. Charlie Chaplinc. Mary Pickfordd. Clara Bow (Sex symbol)e. Tallulah Bankhead (from AL)

Rudolph Valentino

Charlie Chaplin

Mary Pickford

Clara Bow

Tallulah Bankhead

(continued)

3. “Talkies” (movies with sound)a. 1927b. “The Jazz Singer” with Al Jolson

Al Jolson & “The Jazz Singer”

Radios and Music

1. KDKA in Pittsburgh, PA 1st radio station2. Broadcast the 1920 Pres. Election results3. 1922: over 400 radio stations4. Millions of radios sold5. Amos and Andy6. Mass Media brings the country together

Amos ‘n Andy

African American Culture

The Harlem Renaissance

What was the Harlem Renaissance?

1. African Americans didn’t just start writing, drawing, and playing music

2. This was a period when whites began to discover African American Culture

The Great Migration

1. Continues after WWI

2. Spreads African American culture all over the country

3. Contributes to the Harlem Renaissance

Great Migration

The Writers

1. Claude McKay

a. Wrote poems about racism

b. Poems were proud and defiant

Claude McKay

(continued)

2. Langston Hughesa. The most well-known of the Harlem Renaissance writers/poets

b. Described the difficult everyday life of African Americans

Langston Hughes

(continued)

3. Zora Neale Hurstona. Featured the lives of poor southern

African Americans

b. Women played a central role

c. Their Eyes Were Watching God4. Many others…Countee Cullen

Zora Neale Hurston

Countee Cullen

Jazz, Blues, & Theater

1. W.C. Handy (AL) “created” the Blues2. Jazz developed from Blues music

a. New Orleans—birthplace of Jazzb. Spread up the Miss R. to St. Louis & Chicago

3. Louis Armstrong—great Jazz artist4. Duke Ellington—Jazz composer & pianist

W. C. Handy

Louis Armstrong

“Duke” Ellington

(continued)

5. The Cotton Cluba. Harlem, NYb. Whites only

6. Bessie Smitha. Famous blues & jazz singerb. Highest paid female artist of her time

7. Paul Robesona. Magnificent bass voice (singer/actor)b. Shakespearean Actor & other plays

The Cotton Club

Bessie Smith—Empress of the Blues

Josephine Baker

Paul Robeson

African American Politics

Voting in the North

1. Great Migration increases Black population in the North

2. Most vote Republican (Party of Lincoln)

3. Elected 1st African American to Congress from a northern state (Oscar DePriest, Chicago, IL)

NAACP –vs- Lynching

1. Founded in 1909

2. Tried legal means to fight racism

3. Tried to pass anti-lynching laws in Congress

Lynching

Lynching

Marcus Garvey and Black Nationalism

1. UNIA—promoted Black pride, unity, and self-reliance

2. Advocated a separate society for Blacks3. Proposed African Americans should go to

Africa (Black Star Lines)4. Convicted of mail fraud5. Deported to Jamaica

Marcus Garvey

(continued)

6. Garvey influenced future movements:a. Black Power

b. Black Panthers

c. Malcolm X

d. he is considered a prophet to the Rastafarians

Notes Quiz #3 Ends Here

Notes Quiz #4 Starts Here

Conservatism, Corruption, and Isolationism

Presidential Politics in the 1920s

The Harding Administration

Warren G. Harding

Road to the White House

1. Part of the Ohio Republican Political Machine

2. Elected to the State Legislature3. Elected Lt. Governor of Ohio4. Served one term in the US Senate5. Slogan: “Return to Normalcy” 6. Elected President in 19207. Relaxed and laid-back

The Ohio Gang

1. Good appointments to Cabineta. Charles Evans Hughes—Sec. Stateb. Herbert Hoover—Sec. Commercec. Andrew Mellon—Sec. Treasury

Charles Evans Hughes

Herbert Hoover

Andrew Mellon

(continued)

2. Poor Appointments (Ohio Gang)a. “Doc” Sawyer—White House Phys.b. Dan Crissinger—Fed. Reserve Board Chairmanc. Col. Charles Forbes—Veterans Bureaud. Albert Fall—Sec. Interiore. Harry Daugherty—Attorney Generalf. Poker-playing, drinking buddies from Ohio

“Doc” Sawyer

Daniel Crissinger

Charles Forbes

Albert Fall

Harry Daugherty

Teapot Dome Scandal

1. Navy Dept. had oil reserves in WY & CA held for future use

2. Sec. Interior Fall secretly leases oil land to friends to drill for oil

3. Teapot Dome, WY and Elk Hills, CA4. Fall takes $300,000 in bribes5. Senate investigates…Fall goes to prison

Daugherty Scandal

1. German chemical company in US seized during WWI

2. Attorney General Daugherty takes bribes from German agent to release company

3. Justice Dept. Investigates4. Daugherty refuses to cooperate5. Later, Pres. Coolidge fires Daugherty

The Coolidge Administration

Harding dies amidst scandals

1. Harding goes on tour of Western states

2. Harding suffers heart attack between AK and CA… dies in CA

3. Forbes’ Scandal is breaking…Teapot Dome scandal on horizon

“Silent Cal” takes over

1. Brings respect back to the White House2. Appoints respectable men to Cabinet3. Pro-business:

a. Against gov’t regulation of businessb. Supports low taxesc. “the business of the American people is business…”

4. Coolidge wins the 1924 Election: landslide

Calvin Coolidge

A Growing Economy

The Rise of New Industries

Ford and the Model T

1. Mass Production2. Assembly Line 3. Interchangeable Parts4. Efficiency led to lower prices:

a. 1908--$850 ($22,000 in 2013)b. 1924--$295 ($4,250 in 2013)

Henry Ford

Ford Model T (1908-1927)

Ford’s Assembly Line

Standard of Living Improves

1. Real wages increased in the 1920s2. Work hours decreased (12 to 8)3. Work week decreased (6 to 5 days)4. 1st paid vacations (1926)5. More leisure time6. People buy more stuff…helps economy7. Worker productivity increases!

Related industries

1. Steel industry2. Oil industry3. Construction industry (roads, motels…)4. Auto parts5. Gas stations6. Millions of jobs created b/c of the car!!

Social impact of the car

1. Everyone has to have a car2. People move to the suburbs3. Rural isolation ends4. Casual dating begins!!5. More travel…vacations

Consumer Goods

1. Many new electrical appliancesExamples:

2. Advertising sells all of the new products

Airline Industry

1. Only the wealthy could afford at first

2. Mail delivery

3. Larger/safer planes…more passengers…cheaper prices

Radio

1. Radio sales explode

2. NBC & CBS created (1926 & 1928)

3. Advertising brings in $$$

The Consumer Society

Easy Consumer Credit

1. Attitudes towards debt changed

2. Installment plans

3. People began borrowing more than they could afford

Mass Advertising

1. radio, newspaper, magazines

2. Sliced bread invented (1928)

3. Advertising sold anything

Managerial Revolution

1. Companies divided into smaller parts

2. Managers hired to operate the daily functions of a business

3. Owners were free to make overall business strategy

Welfare Capitalism

1. Gov’t helps business2. Business provides new benefits to workers:

a. Employee stock ownershipb. Profit-sharingc. Medical benefits

3. Unions declinea. Wages are highb. Open shop –vs- Closed Shop

The Farm Crisis Returns

During WWI:

1. Crop production increases2. Demand is high3. Prices rise4. Profits increase5. Farmers borrow to buy more land and

equipment to raise more crops

After WWI

1. Overproduction2. Demand falls after the war3. Prices fall4. Profits disappear5. Farmers cannot pay loans6. Banks foreclose…auction land &

equipment…

End Notes for Quiz #4

Start Notes for Quiz #5

Tariffs and Subsidies

1. Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922)a. Raises prices on imported goodsb. Europeans raise tariffs on US goodsc. US farmers hit hard

(continued)

2. McNary-Haugen Farm Billa. Gov’t would buy surplus cropsb. Prices would be kept highc. Coolidge vetoes twice

3. Depression hits farmers beginning in 1919-1920, ten years before stock market crashes!!

The Politics of Prosperity

Promoting Prosperity

The Mellon Program

1. Andrew Mellon: Sec. Treasury 2. Created Bureau of the Budget3. Created General Accounting Office4. Three Goals:

a. Balance the budgetb. Reduce gov’t debtc. Lower taxes

Sec. Treasury Andrew Mellon

(continued)

5. Methods:a. Cut gov’t spending ($6.4 to 3 billion)b. Refinance national debtc. Federal Reserve lower interest ratesd. Reduced tax rates (supply-side econ.)e. Tax rates lowered from (4-73%) to (0.5-25%)

Hoover’s Cooperative Individualism

1. Balance gov’t regulation of business with companies sharing information to improve efficiency

2. Bureau of Foreign & Domestic Commerce: finds new business opportunities for US businesses

3. Bureau of Aviation-regulates airlines4. Federal Radio Comm.-regulates the airwaves

Trade and Arms Control

A. US was the dominant economic power following WWI

B. American isolationism1. Americans wanted to stay out of foreign affairs & concentrate on business2. US never joined League of Nations3. US makes agreements with individual countries

C. The Dawes Plan

1. GB & France owe US $10 billion for aid during WWI

2. Germany owes GB & France $33 billion in war reparations

3. High US tariffs keep GB & F from selling goods in US

4. GB & F have trouble paying US

(continued)

5. Germany defaults on payments6. German economy in ruins7. To avoid another war, Dawes proposes loan

to Germany ($10 billion)8. Germany uses loan to pay GB & F9. GB & F pay US10. Europe goes farther into debt!

Charles Dawes

D. The Washington Conference (1921-22)

1. Postwar naval arms race

2. Sec. State Charles Evans Hughes proposes naval arms reduction

Sec. State Charles Evans Hughes

(continued)

3. Four Power Treatya. US, GB, Japan, & Franceb. Agree to respect each others’ territory in the Pacificc. Promise to negotiate any

disagreements

(continued)

4. Five Power Treatya. US, GB, Italy, Japan, & Franceb. Freeze naval fleets @ 1921 levelsc. Halt production of large warships for 10 yearsd. US & GB agree not to build more naval bases in Western Pacific

(continued)

5. Nine Power Treatya. US, GB, Japan, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, China, Portugal, & Franceb. Agree to maintain Open Door Policy in China

(continued)

6. Resultsa. Japan angry it had to keep a smaller

navy than US and GBb. US looked forward to years of peace

and prosperity

Kellogg-Briand Pact (Aug. 1928)

1. Abolishes war as a means to solve disputes2. 62 nations signed agreement3. No way to enforce it without going to war!!

Sec. State Frank Kellogg

French P.M. Aristide Briand

End Notes for Quiz #5