Post on 07-Apr-2017
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Nursing Theories Presented by :- Hariom gangwar Msc Nsg Ist YR Psychiatry nursing
A set of concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions that project a systematic view of a phenomena
It may consist of one or more relatively specific and concrete concepts and propositions that purport to account for, or organize some phenomenon (Barnum, 1988)
Concepts – ideas and mental images that help to describe phenomena (Alligood and Marriner-Tomey, 2002)
Definitions – convey the general meaning of the concepts
Assumptions – statements that describe concepts
Phenomenon – aspect of reality that can be consciously sensed or experienced (Meleis, 1997).
A model that explains the linkages of science, philosophy, and theory accepted and applied by the discipline (Alligood and Marriner – Tomey, 2002)
The view or perspective of the discipline
It contains the subject, central concepts, values and beliefs, phenomena of interest, and the central problems of the discipline
Nursing has identified its domain in a paradigm that includes four linkages:
1) person/client 2) health 3) environment 4) nursing
It guides nursing practice and generates knowledge
It helps to describe or explain nursing
Enables nurses to know WHY they are doing WHAT they are doing
Grand theories – broad and complex
Middle-range theories- address specific phenomena and reflect practice
Descriptive theories – first level of theory development
Prescriptive theories – address nursing interventions and predict their consequences
Everyday practice enriches theory
Both practice and theory are guided by values and beliefs
Theory helps to reframe our thinking about nursing
Theory guides use of ideas and techniques
Theory can close the gap between theory and research
To envision potentialities (Gordon, Parker, & Jester, 2001)
Organize patient data Understand patient data Analyze patient data Make decisions about
nursing interventions Plan patient care Predict outcomes of care Evaluate patient
outcomes (Alligood, 2001)
By asking yourself two very important questions…..
What is the nature of knowledge needed for the practice of nursing?
What does it mean to me to practice nursing?
Systems theory Basic Human Needs
theory Health and Wellness
Models Stress and
Adaptation Developmental
Theories Psychosocial
Theories
Essential concepts common among nursing theories:
Man Health Environment Nursing
Often considered the first nurse theorist
Defined nursing as “the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery”.
Nightingale’s theory remains an integral part of nursing and healthcare today
5 Factors for a Healthy Environment: Pure or fresh air Pure water Efficient drainage Cleanliness Light, especially directs unlight
Nightingale’s general concepts of Environmental Sanitation includes:
Proper Ventilation Adequate Lighting Cleanliness Adequate Warmth Quiet Diet
Nursing Practice :
The principles of Nursing Practice by FN are continuously used to this very day. With the advent of technology and with it globalization, comes threats from the environment.
Global Warming
Industrial Noise
Air Pollution
Fad Diets
Vanity
Nurses of today still needs to:
Maintain Adequate Ventilation
Promote Adequate & Appropriate Nutrition
Maintain Normal Homeostatic Body Temperature
Observe Basic Hygiene
Comfort Measures including Environmental Sanitation
Definition:- “Assisting the individual, sick or well, in the
performance of those activities contributing to health or it’s recovery (or to peaceful death) that an individual would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge”.
Identified 14 basic needs : 1. Breathing normally 2. Eating and drinking adequately 3. Eliminating body wastes 4. Moving and maintaining desirable position 5. Sleeping and resting 6. Selecting suitable clothes
7. Maintaining body temperature within normal range
8. Keeping the body clean and well-groomed
9. Avoiding dangers in the environment
10. Communicating with others
11. Worshipping according to one’s faith
12. Working in such a way that one feels a sense of accomplishment
13. Playing/participating in various forms of recreation
14. Learning, discovering or satisfying the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and using available health facilities.
Bedside Nursing :
pt.’s ability to perform the 14 basic needs should be assessed before considering the kind of nursing care function you will administer. Essential to determine if the N will be performing as a HELPER, DOER or a PARTNER
Nsg interventions are implemented according to the 14 basic human needs of the patient. The degree of performance , involvement of the pt. and the level of nursing activity will be dependent on the specific role the nurse will be playing
Focus is on PROPER IDENTIFICATION of the problem
Particularly about the proper NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Nurse-centered
Nursing is a comprehensive service that is based on the art and science and aims to help people, sick or well, cope with their health needs.
21 Nursing Problems
To maintain good hygiene. To promote optimal activity; exercise, rest and sleep. To promote safety. To maintain good body mechanics To facilitate the maintenance of a supply of oxygen To facilitate maintenance of nutrition
To facilitate maintenance of elimination
To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance
To recognize the physiologic response of the body to disease conditions
To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory mechanisms and functions
To facilitate the maintenance of sensory functions
To identify and accept positive and negative expressions, feelings and reactions
To identify and accept the interrelatedness of emotions and illness.
To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and non-verbal communication
To promote the development of productive interpersonal relationship
To facilitate progress toward achievement of personal spiritual goals
To create and maintain a therapeutic environment
To facilitate awareness of self as an individual with varying needs.
To accept the optimum possible goals
To use community resources as an aid in resolving problems arising from illness.
To understand the role of social problems as influencing factors
Bedside Nursing :
The N’s ability to address &effectively manage the 21 Nursing problems will spell the patient’s state of health – whether he fully recovers well & fast, or deteriorate further with devastating consequences
Ns therefore, have very important role to play. By adhering to these nursing problems, the work of a N becomes More Definite
Nursing is a HUMANISTIC and SCIENTIFIC mode of helping through CULTURE-SPECIFIC PROCESS
Emphasizes human caring varies among cultures -
Culture Care Preservation and Maintenance
Culture Care Accommodation and Negotiation
Culture Care Restructuring and Repatterning
Application: Important esp because of the rapid expansion of
knowledge & increasing globalization with the advent of advances in ICT .
Working Overseas : Impt to learn the cultures of other people because each
culture has its own sets of patterns, expressions & values of caring .
Getting acquainted with the culture of a country you are seeking employment as a professional nurse will be a good steppingstone towards a more fulfilling career in nursing
Nursing is an art and science that is humanistic and humanitarian. It is directed toward the unitary human and is concerned with the nature and direction of human development. The goal of nurses is to participate in the process of change..
Nursing interventions seek to promote harmonious interaction between persons and their environment, strengthen the wholeness of the Individual and redirect human and environmental patterns or organization to achieve maximum health.
5 basic assumptions: The human being is a unified whole, possessing individual
integrity and manifesting characteristics that are more than and different from the sum of parts.
The individual and the environment are continuously exchanging matter and energy with each other
The life processes of human beings evolve irreversibly and unidirectionally along a space-time continuum
Patterns identify human being and reflect their innovative wholeness
The individual is characterized by the capacity for abstraction and imagery, language and thought, sensation and emotion
Patient has THREE 3 interacting systems –
1. Individuals /Personalsystems :
How the nurse views and integrates self basedfrom personal goals and beliefs.
2. Groupsystems / Interpersonalsystems :
How the N interrelates w/ a co-workers or pt.particularly in N-Pt. Relationship
3. Socialsystems :
how the N interacts w/ co-workers, superiors,subordinates & the ct. environment in general
Action : A means of behaviour or activities that are towards
the accomplishment of certain act. It is both PHYSICAL & MENTAL .
Mental (POA)
Action (Goal Setting w/ Ct.)
Perform Achieve Goal
Reaction A form of reacting or response to a certain Stimuli. Interaction Any situation wherein the N relates & deals With a ct. or
pt. Transaction
Application:
Provides enough direction to how nurses should be able to behave or act in the presence of pts. Since majority of nursing activities involves direct interaction w/ pts., Ns should understand the basic implications of the Action-Reaction-Interaction-Transaction model of the N- Pt . Relationship.
Peplau is a psychiatric nurse
–Focus :Therapeutic process –Attained through: Healthy Nurse-Patient Relationship
Four (4) Phases of Nurse-Patient Interaction
1. Orientation
Nurse and patient test therole each one assumes
Prepares patient for termination
Patient identifies areas of difficulty
2. Identification Phase : • Patient identifies with the personnel who
can satisfy his needs
3. Exploitation Phase: • Nurse maximizes all there sources to
benefit the patient
4. Resolution Phase or Termination Phase :
• Occurs when patient’s needs have been met
Application :
Significant in terms of the different phases of the N-Pt. interaction & the different ROLES the N can play in giving nursing care to pts.
It thus becomes important for nurses to understand the principles behind each of these concepts so that clinical nsg will be more meaningful for the nurse. Eventually , this will translate to pt. outcomes like :
Improved health Prevention of Disease pr Enhancement of care faculties
Nursing is concerned with promotion health, preventing illness, caring for the sick, and restoring health.
Nursing is a human science of persons and human health-illness experiences that are mediated by professional, personal, scientific, esthetic and ethical human care transactions
She defined caring as a nurturant way or responding to a valued client towards whom the nurse feels a personal sense of commitment and responsibility. It is only demonstrated interpersonally that results in the satisfaction of certain human needs. Caring accepts the person as what he/she may become in a caring environment
Carative Factors:
The promotion of a humanistic-altruistic system of values Instillation of faith-hope The cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and others The development and acceptance of the expression of positive
and negative feelings. The systemic use of the scientific problem-solving method for
decision making The promotion of interpersonal teaching-learning The provision for supportive, protective and corrective mental,
physical, socio-cultural and spiritual environment Assistance with the gratification of human needs The allowance for existential phenomenological forces
The Nursing Process is an interaction of Three Basic Elements:
1. Patient’s Behaviour 2. Nurse’s reaction 3. Nursing Actions – designed for the patient’s benefit
The Role of the Nurse is to find out & meet the Pt’s stat need for help. Ns should use his perception, thoughts about the perception or the feeling engendered from their thoughts to explore with patients the meaning of their behaviour
The use of the theory keeps the N’s focus on the patient
Application: The Theory increases the Therapeutic
Effectiveness of nurses by the expression of Empathy, Warmth & Genuineness esp in the light of addressing the Stat Need of the Patient for help.
This framework will be important for Ns who are assigned in special clinical areas that requires quick decision making & critical thinking skills .
If the patient’s condition improved, then the intervention is effective and the patient moves on to new problems
Greatly emphasized on the Therapeutic Human Relationship between the Nurse & the
Patient.
Her model emphasizes: Empathy Sympathy Rapport & the Emotional aspects of Nursing
4 Interlocking Phases that precedes RAPPORT And the establishment of N-Pt . Relationship:
Original Encounter Emerging Identities Empathy Sympathy
Application:
The theory describes the various stages of interpersonal relations that occur bet a Patient and a N. It thus becomes important for Ns to fully understand the phases and its effects to the patient’s welfare.
Due consideration should be given to the pt’s inherent personal characteristics to interact w/ other people, most especially Ns & other members of the healthcare professions.
The key concept of Empthy ,Sympathy, Rapport & Emotional Understanding are very important for the Ns of today
Focuses on 10 Categories of determinants of health-Promoting Behaviours.
Views a person’s health-promoting behaviour in the light of his individual characteristics & experiences
The10 Determinants are :
Prior related behaviour
Perceived benefits of action
Perceived barriers of action
Perceived self-efficacy
Activity related effect Interpersonal Influences (family, friends, providers) norms, support & models Situational Influences ( options, demand characteristics, aesthetics)– Immediate competing demands (low control) and preferences (high demand) Commitment to a plan of action– Personal Factors ( Biological, Psychological, Sociocultural)
Application:
Health Promotion Activities are the major Focus of Hx Care Organizations . In order for Patients to take on the Behaviour we, Hx care professionals , advise them to take, we should carefully looked into a host of factors that can influence his decision to really adopt the behaviour.
It is important for Ns to be ROLE MODELS for the pts.
The model is based on the Person’s Relationship to Stress ,his Reaction to it and Reconstitution factors that are dynamic in nature
The concern of nursing is to PREVENT STRESS INVASION Person is viewed as an Open System composed of Basic
Structure of Energy Resources which includes: • Physiologic • Psychologic • Sociocultural • Developmental • Spiritual
Basic Structure/Central Core- surrounded by 2 concentric boundaries or Rings called Lines Of
Resistance Which represents the internal factors that AID the person Defend against a Stressor .
Lines of Resistance – further surrounded by 2 lines of Defense
1.Normal Line of Defense 2. Flexible Line of Defense
1.Normal Line of Defense : person’s state of equilibrium or the state of adaptation developed
& maintained over time and which is considered normal for the person
2.Flexible Line of Defense- dynamic and can be readily and rapidly changed over a
short period of time.- adjusts to situations that threatens the imbalance w/in the client’s stability
Stressors: Intrapersonal Interpersonal Extrapersonal
FOCUS of Nursing Interventions :-
keeping or maintaining the stability of the open system which can be carried out on three levels of prevention
APPLICATION :- Very comprehensive model of nsg that outlines the
way how Ns provide HOLISTIC NURSING CARE to pts. Emphasis is on the management of Stress thru adequate understanding of the complex client system . Strong Advocate of Prevention Interventions which is congruent to the aims of modern-day nsg & Hx care services. It is a MUST that Ns perform thorough &comprehensive assessment that includes ALL aspects of the Ct.
Man is a BIO PSYCHOSOCIAL BEING Four (4) modes of Adaptation –
Physiologic Mode Self Concept Role Function Interdependence
Her Model is best exemplified in the Nursing Process which includes the following steps:
1. Assessment of Behaviour 2. Assessment of Stimuli 3. Nursing Diagnosis 4. Goal Setting 5. Intervention 6. Evaluation
APPLICATION :
Best applied in the performance of the Nursing Process which is cyclical in nature . The Assessment component is the Stimuli or Input The Planning & Implementation are the Through put process .
The Evaluation which provides necessary feedback to the Goal of care is the Output
The N decides what necessary actions should betaken next in the light of the patient’s response to the Nursing Interventions. This action by the N is Adaptation in its simplest terms Patients adopt too.
The Nursing interventions we perform ultimately elicits a response from them. Depending on the nature & extent of the nursing interventions, pts may or may not actually adopt according to our expectations
Defined Nursing: “The act of assisting others in the provision and management of self-care to maintain/improve human functioning at home level of effectiveness.”
Focuses on activities that adult individuals perform on their own behalf to maintain life, health and well-being.
Has a strong health promotion and maintenance focus.
Identified 3 related concepts: 1. Self-care - activities an Individual performs independently
throughout life to promote and maintain personal well-being. 2.Self-care deficit - results when self-care agency
(Individual’s ability) is not adequate to meet the known self-care needs.
3.Nursing System - nursing interventions needed when Individual is unable to perform the necessary self-care activities: Wholly compensatory - nurse provides entire self-care for
the client. Example: care of a new born, care of client recovering from
surgery in a post-anesthesia care unit Partial compensatory - nurse and client perform care, client
can perform selected self-care activities, but also accepts care done by the nurse for needs the client cannot meet independently. Example: Nurse can assist post operative client to ambulate,
Nurse can bring a meal tray for client who can feed himself Supportive-educative - nurse’s actions are to help the client
develop/learn their own self-care abilities through knowledge, support and encouragement.
Theory provides direction for nursing research
Relationships of components in a theory help to drive the research questions for understanding nursing
Chinn and Kramer (2004), indicate a spiral relationship between the two
Medical science Nursing education Professional nursing
organizations Evolving research
approaches Global concerns Consumer demands Technologies
Leah Curtin, RN, MS, FAAN (1989)Former Editor, Nursing Management