Post on 25-Feb-2018
transcript
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
1/45
Ncleo de Lngua Inglesa
Ingls sem FronteirasIsF
DESENVOLVIMENTO DE HABILIDADES LINGUSTICAS
PARA A COMPREENSO UDIO-TEXTUAL
Autor:
Stefanie Martin
Unit 1:
Listening interview, text comprehension, language work: -ing form
Unit 2:
Listening interview and lecture, text comprehension, language work: passive voice,
useful expressions
Unit 3:
Reading ComprehensionTOEFL ITP TEST
Editado por: Stefanie Martin
ANO: 2015
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
2/45
2
UNIT 1 LISTENING INTERVIEW, TEXT COMPREHENSION,LANGUAGE WORK: -ING FORM
__________________________________________________________________
Wellbe talking about entrepreneurs people who set up new businesses.
Youll be sharing your opinions about what makes a good entrepreneur
what characteristics do they need? Youll see an interview with leading
British entrepreneur Richard Branson and talk about what he thinks you
need to succeed.
Sir Richard Branson - a short biography
In the next step, youre going to watch an interview with Sir Richard Branson.
Before you watch, read this short biography of Sir Richards life.
1950 Born in Surrey, UK.
1966
Branson, who struggled with dyslexia,
dropped out of school and started a free
youth culture magazine called The Student.
1970
By 1970, Branson had started selling records
by post. He then opened up a record store
Virgin records, on Oxford Street in London.
1973
Set up a record label, Virgin Records which
became one of the six biggest record
companies in the world.
1984 Formed Virgin Atlantic airline.
1994 The soft drink, Virgin Cola went on sale.
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
3/45
3
1997
Virgin trains started operating in the UK.
1999Launched Virgin mobile phone and internet
service provider.
2000Became Sir Richard Branson when he was
knighted.
2012Branson was by now the 4th richest citizen in
the UK.
These are the questions you will hear Sir Richard answer in the next step:
You are one of the worlds greatest entrepreneurs, not just in Britain. How
have you achieved this?
So in your eyes, what makes a good entrepreneur?
Any advice for me?
Interview with Sir Richard Branson
Now watch the interview with Sir Richard. Are his answers what you
predicted in the last step?
As you watch the video, make notes about the things that are mentioned. There
will be a quiz on the next step to test you on what you heard.
VIDEO:https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/explore-english-language-
culture/steps/17261
NOTES:
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/explore-english-language-culture/steps/17261https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/explore-english-language-culture/steps/17261https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/explore-english-language-culture/steps/17261https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/explore-english-language-culture/steps/17261https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/explore-english-language-culture/steps/17261https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/explore-english-language-culture/steps/172617/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
4/45
4
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDINGQ1
Sir Richards school days:
( ) mentioned
( ) not mentioned
Q3
His first record shop:
( ) mentioned
( ) not mentioned
Q5
His mobile phone company:
( ) mentioned
( ) not mentioned
Q7
Success and failure:
( ) mentioned
( ) not mentioned
Q2
His record label, Virgin Records:
( ) mentioned
( ) not mentioned
Q4
His airline
( ) mentioned
( ) not mentioned
Q6
The size of his fortune:
( ) mentioned
( ) not mentioned
Q8
Self-belief:
( ) mentioned
( ) not mentioned
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
5/45
5
Q9
Making money:
( ) mentioned
( ) not mentioned
Q10
Finding good employees:
( ) mentioned
( ) not mentioned
TRANSCRIPT
ENTREPRENEUR
RICHARD: Oxford is home to one of the worlds greatest entrepreneurs, Sir
Richard Branson. Hes one of the best known faces of business in Britain and
Britain's 4th richest citizen. Wonder where I am on that list
Richard Branson's success started when he opened his first record shop in Oxford
Street, London, in 1971, and he never looked back. His success rocketed from
launching his own record label, Virgin Records, to creating the hugely successful
Virgin Atlantic Airways, and he's now worth an estimated 4.2 billion dollars. I've
been lucky enough to be invited to Richard Branson's home and I'm really excited
about it. I'm hoping to find out the secret of his success.
RICHARD: Sir Richard, you are one of the world's greatest entrepreneurs, not just
in Britain. How have you achieved this?
SIR RICHARD: Well, by having a blast, having a lot of fun, trying to createventures that really make a difference to other people's lives, not being afraid to
give it a go, sometimes falling flat on my face, sometimes succeeding.
RICHARD:So in your eyes, what makes a good entrepreneur?
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
6/45
6
SIR RICHARD:An entrepreneur is somebody who sees a gap in the market and
feels that people are not being treated well, and gets in there and fills that gap. An
entrepreneur is somebody who, you know, believes in what they're doing 100%,
who acts with integrity, who realises their reputation is all they've got in life and
sets about to create a great brand.
RICHARD:Richards entrepreneurial spirit has led to Virgins success and he's not
alone. Britain is a great place to do business. Any advice for me?
SIR RICHARD: Don't try to do everything yourself. You know, try to find people
who are better than you. Learn the art of delegation early on. Make sure that all the
people who are working for you have fun in what they're doing because 90% of
your life seems to be spent at work, so make sure its enjoyable, and screw it, just
do it. Just get on with it.
LANGUAGE WORKING FORM
Now, lets look at what Sir Richard said there again pay attention to a particular
for the gerundsthe -ing form of verbs:
SIR RICHARD: Well, by having a blast, having a lot of fun, trying to create
ventures that really make a difference to other people's lives, not being afraid to
give it a go, sometimes falling flat on my face, sometimes succeeding.
NICOLE: You heard by having a blast, trying to create ventures, not being
afraid and falling flat on my face.
So when do we use the gerund? Well, thats a good question. There are several
uses of the gerund but a good rule to remember is that when we use a verb after a
preposition, its the gerund.So Sir Richard said, By having a blast, having a lot of
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
7/45
7
fun. By is a preposition so he used a gerund having. Look at something else
we saw in the video:
SIR RICHARD: I've been lucky enough to be invited to Richard Branson's home
and I'm really excited about it. I'm hoping to find out the secret of his success.
NICOLE:Richard said Im hoping to find out the secret of his success. To find is
what we call the infinitive form of the verb. Richard used the infinitive after hope,
Im hoping to find out. Hope is one of several verbs that are followed by an
infinitive. Other examples are decide, plan and want.
So when so we use a gerund and when do we use an infinitive? In the next step,
well look at some rules to helpyou with that question.
THE -ING FORM
We can use the -ing form of the verb:
as a noun:
I love swimming. Swimmingis very good for your health.
You can get fit by swimmingregularly.
after a preposition:
By havinga blast.
Ivealways been interested in learninglanguages.
after some verbs
We enjoy cookingand goingto the cinema.
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
8/45
8
Common verbs followed by an -ing object are:
admit, like, hate, start, avoid, suggest, enjoy, dislike, begin, finish
After verbs like, see, watch, hear, smell etc.
I heard someone playingthe piano.
I can smell something burning.
THE INFINITIVE
We use the infinitive (to__)
after certain verbs, particularly verbs of thinking and feeling: admit, avoid,
choose, decide, dislike, enjoy, expect, finish, forget, hate, hope, intend,learn, like, love, mean, plan, prefer, remember, start, suggest, want, would
like, would love.
Im hopingto find outthe secret of his success Id liketo learnmore about the
history of his companies.
and verbs of saying:
agree, promise, refuse
He promised not to tellanyone.
She agreed to dothe extra work for a small fee.
after certain adjectives.
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
9/45
9
We use to ___ after many adjectives including:
disappointed, glad, sad, happy, anxious, pleased, surprised, proud, unhappy, able,
unable, due, eager, keen, likely, unlikely, ready
We were happy to cometo the end of our journey.
Unfortunately I was unable to workfor over a week.
We often use the to-infinitive after these adjectives to give opinions:
difficult, easy, possible, impossible, hard, right, wrong, kind, nice, clever, silly.
Its easyto playthe piano, but its very difficultto playwell.
He spoke so quickly it was impossible to understandhim.
The -ing adjective can come:
in front of a noun:
I read an interesting article in the newspaper today.
We saw a really exciting match on Sunday.
The commonesting adjectives used in front of the noun are
amusing interesting worrying shocking disappointing boring
surprising exciting terrifying frightening tiring annoying
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
10/45
10
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Q1
Were not prepared [_____] our
offer unless you agree to the new
conditions.
( ) to change
( ) changing
Q2
I spent the summer [_____] on a
farm in Greece.
( ) to work
( ) working
Q3
Im pleased [_____] you that your
application has been successful.
( ) to inform
( ) informing
Q4
[_____] a good book is my
favourite way to spend a rainy day.
( ) to read
( ) reading
Q5
He escaped by [_____] through a
window.
( ) to climb
( ) climbing
Q6
What was that? I thought I heardsomeone [_____] the front door.
( ) to open
( ) opening
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
11/45
11
Q7
She refused [_____] anything elseuntil shedspoken to a lawyer.
( ) to say
( ) saying
Q8
Ive never been very good at[_____] names.
( ) to remember
( ) remembering
Q9
You have to promise not [_____]your present before your birthday.
( ) to open
( ) opening
Q10
Illcook the dinner as soon as Ivefinished [_____] the kitchen.
( ) to clean
( ) cleaning
British Council
UNIT 2 LISTENING: INTERVIEW AND LECTURE, TEXT
COMPREHENSION, LANGUAGE WORK: PASSIVE VOICE,
USEFUL EXPRESSIONS
__________________________________________________________________
In this video, you meetProfessor Roumyana Slabakova who introduces theconcept of multilinguilism and shares her own experiences.
The video continues with some short clips of our colleagues talking about their ownlanguage experience:Dr Will Baker, Ulla Hjerting, Professor Rosamond Mitchell,Dr Sarwar Jamil, Jon Gore, Anna Li, Margita Hydon, Sara Pierson andDr MarikoKitazawa.
http://www.futurelearn.com/profiles/730998https://www.futurelearn.com/profiles/726258https://www.futurelearn.com/profiles/573637https://www.futurelearn.com/profiles/573637https://www.futurelearn.com/profiles/573637https://www.futurelearn.com/profiles/573637https://www.futurelearn.com/profiles/726258http://www.futurelearn.com/profiles/7309987/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
12/45
12
VIDEO
https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/understanding-language-2/steps/26691
NOTES:
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Q1
What does the audio mainly discuss?
( ) The language and language learning.
( ) Human beings habilities.
( ) The mother tongues acquisition.
( ) The difficulties a person have to learn
a second language.
Q2
According to the audio:
( ) Multilingualism is the ability to acquire
and use a language.
( ) There are more bilinguals in this
world than monolingual individuals.
( ) The speakers are monolingualindividuals.
( ) Its common learn a second
language, but it isnt so common learning
a third or a fourth one.
https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/understanding-language-2/steps/26691https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/understanding-language-2/steps/26691https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/understanding-language-2/steps/266917/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
13/45
13
TRANSCRIPT:
PROFESSOR ROUMYANA SLABAKOVA: Today, we are going to talk about
language and language learning. When we start thinking about what defines us as
human beings, and we ask people around us that question, most likely among the
first answers that we will get is going to be language or languages. The ability to
learn and use languages is our most prized human ability. It probably played a
decisive role in our evolving as a species. Also unique, and very useful, is our
ability to learn a second language, a third language, a fourth language. Not our
mother tongue that we grew up speaking. Not just lingualism, which would be the
ability to acquire and use a language, but multilingualism, the ability to learn and
use many languages throughout our lifetime, is another fundamental dimension of
the human condition. Indeed, available data indicate that there are more bilinguals
in this world than monolingual individuals. Me, for example, I'm a native speaker of
Bulgarian. And I started learning German when I was six, with private lessons that
my mother took me to. Then at grade one, I started learning Russian. And I learned
it until the second year of university. I started learning English when I was 14, and Iwent to the English media high school in my hometown. When I moved to Quebec
in Canada, I was taught French. And I still speak this language with pleasure. So I
can safely say that I speak four languages. And my story is not uncommon. I asked
some friends about their own language experience. And here is what they had to
say.
DR. WILL BAKER:In my personal life, I use two languages on an everyday basis.
English is my first language, and I was brought up speaking English, so it's my
mother tongue. I also spent a long time living in Thailand, so Thai is my second
language. And my wife is Thai, so we speak a mixture of Thai and English
together. ULLA HJERTING:I've lived in the UK for 12 years now. So I use it every
day. Yeah, it's getting to the point where it's got difficult for me to sort of find the
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
14/45
14
right words in Danish when I go back on holiday. Sometimes, if I'm over tired, or if
I'm very angry, I split into Danish.
PROF. ROS MITCHELL:At the moment, I'm speaking French at home, because
my lodger and her toddler are French speaking. So I'm learning lots of new French
for babies bottles, and potties, and nappies, and all sorts of things that I didn't
know about before.
DR. SARWAR JAMIL: Apart from English, I can speak in four other different
languages, which gives me the opportunity to use language in a varied set of
circumstances. That I can speak to people of other communities who live in this
town. And I can even enjoy their music, their play, their literature.
JON GORE:Particularly when I was living in Syria, I needed Arabic a lot for work.
And in Kazakhstan, I did have to use Russian occasionally because when I was
there, I found a lot of people didn't speak any English.
ANNA LI:Before coming here, I used Chinese daily. And I just learned English as
a second language. And now, since I came here, I use English on a daily basis,
especially (since) joining the British Council. I need to communicate. I need to write
and read. Everything is English. MARGITA HYDON: My Slovak reflects on how I
use my English. Sometimes it may be a little bit more flowery and a little bit
different.
SARA PIERSON: So for me, language isn't just about fluency. It's about
demonstrating that you are willing to reach out to another culture. DR. MARIKO
KITAZAWA: I'm also interested in language, because it kind of, in a sense, can
represent us. So for example, people can read who I am, or what kind of person I
am from how I speak and what I say. So I am very interested in the role language
plays.
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
15/45
15
PROFESSOR ROUMYANA SLABAKOVA:Multilingualism is diverse. It has many
faces. What are your experiences?
How do you use language in your life?
University of Southampton / British Council 2014
Do we need to fight ageing?Ageing is a part of life. We will all face it in due time. Ageing occurs in almostall organisms.
Do you agree with the following statement?
Ageing is natural and so we should not fight it
Discuss it with your friends and colleagues and share your thoughts.
University of Groningen / University Medical Center Groningen
No name (Zonder titel). Sjer Jacob 2013
University of Groningen / University Medical Center Groningen
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
16/45
16
The definitions of ageing
When watching people of different ages we have no difficulties telling who isold and who is young. However, it is not so easy to define this process calledageing, especially from a biological point of view. When ageing ends is clear,but when does it start? Can we define this point in time?
If you observe old people around you, you will notice that while we are getting
older, we become more prone to various diseases. Different people, however, willcontract different diseases while getting older. Perhaps you know some individualswho have remained very active and remarkably healthy until very late in life? Sothe question is - are diseases part of the ageing process?
We will address these issues in this video.
University of Groningen / University Medical Center Groningen
VIDEOhttps://www.futurelearn.com/courses/ageing/steps/37035
NOTES:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Q1
What does the term life-expectancy mean?
https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/ageing/steps/37035https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/ageing/steps/37035https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/ageing/steps/37035https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/ageing/steps/370357/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
17/45
17
( ) The statistical measure of how long a person is expected to live, based on the
year of his or her birth, current age, gender, and other demographic factors.
( ) The maximum number of documented years that humans have ever lived.
( ) The prediction of the social and personal development of a certain person
during his or her life.
( ) A state of mind or looking forward that something good will happen in the
future.
Q2
Which three phases of growth are defined for an organism?
( ) Anaphase, metaphase, and prophase.
( ) Two phases of accelerated growth and the last phase of slow growth.
( ) Development, maturity (including the reproductive phase) and ageing.( ) The follicular phase, the ovulatory phase, and the luteal phase.
TRANSCRIPT:
The definitions of AgeingMarianna Bevova Hello, everyone, and welcome back.
What is ageing? How do we define this biological process? If we look at people
from different ages, we have no difficulties to tell who is old and who is young.
Ageing includes all changes that occur over the course of life. We all can imagine
what it means to age. You grow, you develop, you reach maturity. For middle age,
it's hard not to notice some cosmetic changes like grey hair and wrinkles. You
begin to notice a fair amount of physical decline as well. Your chances of
contracting a disease in any of your organs increase. And with time, different
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
18/45
18
systems in your body may start to work less efficiently. You need glasses to read
the newspaper. You can't run as fast as you did before, or memorise as well.
These are all signs of ageing, but a strict definition of ageing has proven to be
rather difficult. The main reason for this is that till recently we had rather vague
ideas about the cause of ageing. Historically, the first definition described ageing
as an increased chance of mortality. This definition
is still used in population studies and in studies in some organisms for which
ageing and death coincide. An example of such an organism is the mayfly. The
mayfly dies almost immediately after the completion of its adult development. This
definition of ageing is, however, less applicable to the study of an individual
organism. For the gradual changes in organisms that correlate with age, a
functional definition has proven more appropriate. Ageing is a deteriorative change
with time during post maturational life that underlie an increase in vulnerability to
challenges, thereby decreasing the ability of the organism to survive. This definition
and similar ones describe the ageing process on the level of the organism as a
whole. In our course, we mainly study the processes which are happening within
cells on the molecular and biochemical level. That is why we will define ageing as
follows: A process in which stochastic changes in the structure and function of the
molecules and cells, caused by intrinsic processes as well as by interaction with
the environment, lead to the functional decline of cells and subsequently,
organismal functioning. Ageing is an irreversible process that evolves with time and
leads to death. It is clear that ageing is associated with many diseases. But in
different older organisms, we do not necessarily see the same disease appearing.Thus none of the diseases are an obligatory part of ageing. It is important to study,
to understand, and to try to prevent these age-related diseases. These diseases
may also help us to understand the biological nature of ageing. however, we make
a distinction between ageing as a gradual process of change in an organism, and
the pathologies that may be
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
19/45
19
associated with it. Another important thing that you may have noticed, we didn't
mention the time period in which ageing is most likely to occur. This is because
ageing is a continuum which starts early in life, and ends at death. In the life of an
organism, we distinguish three main stages. These are development, maturity, and
ageing. Development is the first stage in life and is characterised by growth of the
organism. The stage ends when the organs are fully formed and the organism
reaches its maximum size. At that stage, the next phase, adulthood, or maturity
starts. This is the most constant phase of the three in which the organism is at its
optimal functioning. This stage includes a reproductive period. There is no sharp
boundary in the transition from maturity to the final stage of ageing. This marks the
post-reproductive phase. From then on there is a progressive decline in the
functionality of our organs and of the organism as a whole. This final stage of life
ends with death. The combined duration of all three phases of life is called the
lifespan of an organism. The maximum lifespan of a species is defined as a
maximum period which has ever been measure in chronological time, or in the
number of cell divisions between birth and death for a species. Humans, for
example, have a maximum lifespan that is currently around 123 years. This is the
officially-documented longevity record held by the French lady that I mentioned in
my previous lecture. Another commonly used term is life expectancy. This is a
statistical measure of how long a person is expected to live, based on the year of
his or her birth, current age, gender, and other demographic factors. Life
expectancy at a certain age is defined as the average number of years that remain
till death for individuals of a specific age in a certain year, provided they are allexposed to the same mortality conditions. The most commonly used measure of
life expectancy is life expectancy at birth. This is the mean length of life of a
hypothetical cohort, assumed to be exposed from birth until death of all its
members to the mortality rates observed at a given year. In the introduction, I used
life expectancy at age 60. So the life expectancy at age 60 is the estimation of how
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
20/45
20
many additionally years a person aged 60 will live till death. Thank you very much
for listening. I hope to see you back in my next lecture in which we will discuss the
mechanisms of ageing.
So why is English the global language?
In the next step, youre going to watch an interview with an English language
expert from the British Council. These are the questions we asked him:
Are there different types of English?
What is the impact of technology on language?
Why do people say that English is a global language?
Are there many global languages?
Think about your answers to these questions. What answers do you think you will
hear?
Now watch the video where Richard talks to Martin Peacock from the British
Council.
In the video, Martin gives his answers to the questions we looked at in the previousstep. You dont hear Richards questions.
As you listen to Martins answers, decide which of the questions from the previousstep he is answering. In the next step therell be a quiz to test what you hear.
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
21/45
21
VIDEO:https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/explore-english-language-
culture/steps/15101
NOTES:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING:
Q1
In his answer to Question A, Martin said, The reasons for that are the
widespread use of English.What was the question?
( ) Are there different types of English?
( ) What is the impact of technology on language?
( ) Why do people say that English is a global language?
( ) Are there many global languages?
Q2
In his answer to Question B, Martin said, No, not really.What was the
question?
( ) Are there different types of English?
( ) What is the impact of technology on language?
( ) Why do people say that English is a global language?
( ) Are there many global languages?
https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/explore-english-language-culture/steps/15101https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/explore-english-language-culture/steps/15101https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/explore-english-language-culture/steps/15101https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/explore-english-language-culture/steps/15101https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/explore-english-language-culture/steps/15101https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/explore-english-language-culture/steps/15101https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/explore-english-language-culture/steps/151017/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
22/45
22
Q3
In his answer to Question C, Martin said, Well, yes. What was the
question?
( ) Are there different types of English?
( ) What is the impact of technology on language?
( ) Why do people say that English is a global language?
( ) Are there many global languages?
Q4
In his answer to Question D, Martin said, [it] allows languages to evolve.
What was the question?
( ) Are there different types of English?
( ) What is the impact of technology on language?
( ) Why do people say that English is a global language?
( ) Are there many global languages?
Now watch the interview with Martin again. This time, you will hear the
questions that Martin was asked. Listen carefully to what he says in his
responses and make some notes.
There will be a short quiz in the next step to check that you understood Martins
responses.
British Council
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
23/45
23
Q1
Why do people say that English is
a global language?
Martin mentions
( ) the history of the UK and USA
as global powers.
( ) the widespread use of English.
( ) the use of English in business.
Q2
Are there many global languages?
Martin mentions
( ) the many contexts that English
is used in.
( ) the global use of Cantonese.
( ) the use of Cantonese in
science and research.
Q3
Are there different types ofEnglish?
Martin mentions
( ) regional accents.
( ) different global Englishes.
( ) correct and incorrect
Englishes.
Q4
What about the impact oftechnology on a language?
Martin mentions
( ) text speak.
( ) how new words are spread.
( ) how technology speeds things
up.
TRANSCRIPT:
Richard: Ive come here to the British Council who work hard to build cultural
relations between Britain and the rest of the world, and the English language is a
big part of that. Lets find out more. The British Council provides resources for
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
24/45
24
people learning English, and also teachers of English. Martin Peacock is the
Director of Global English Product Development. Richard: Martin, tell me about
English as a global language.
Martin:OK, well many people talk about English as being a global language. And
the reasons for that are the widespread use of English. Its used in education, its
used in science and technology and, importantly, English is also used in business.
Richard:Are there many global languages?
Martin:Well, no, not really. I mean theres the global language which is English in
the sense that English is used in these many different contexts; theres only one.
There are other languages which are used very widely and spoken by many people
in many different places: Cantonese, for example, a variant of Chinese, is spoken
in many different places so its global in a geographic sense and it can be global in
the numbers, but in terms of the use in different areas of education, science,
research, English is the only global language.
Richard:Are there different types of English?
Martin: Well, yes, there are lots of different types. There's different accents of
English. I come from the North of England, where I have a particular accent. So
within England itself, within the UK, there are many variations in English
pronunciation and that extends globally, so you see English in America and used in
Australia, which is different in accent and also in usage as well.
Richard:And what about the impact of technology on a language?
Martin: In the past, new words were coined by people - it might have been in a
speech or a newspaper article or in a book - they were written down and then other
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
25/45
25
people adapted them and used them and that could be quite a slow process and
new words might come into a language over a long period: 10, 20 years. So
technology allows languages to evolve much more quickly.
LANGUAGE WORK
PASSIVES - READ
Look again at some of the language Martin used when he talked about global
English and read the advice below about passive verb forms.
Passives
We make the passive using be and the past participle (done, played etc.). We
use the passive:
When we dont know, or we are not interested in, who does an action.
In the past, new words were coined.
We dont know who invented the words.
English is used in education, in science and in business.
Its not important who uses English in these contexts.
When the main topic of the sentence isnt the person who did the action.
The word robot was coined in the 1920s by the writer Karel apek.
(The main topic here is the word robot, not the person who invented it.)
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
26/45
26
In English we tend to put the most important thing at the start of the sentence.
The passive can be used with all tenses. We change the form of be.
Shakespeares plays are performedall over the world.
His works have been translatedinto many different languages.
Many of Shakespeares plays were first performedat the Globe Theatre in
London.
Hamlet will be performedin every country in the world as part of a tour
called Globe to Globe Hamlet which started in April 2014.
Do you have any questions about the use of the passive?
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Q1
PASSIVE: English is spoken by almost two billion people worldwide.
ACTIVE:Almost two billion people speak English worldwide.
( ) The passive sentence sounds more natural.
( ) The active sentence sounds more natural.
( ) Both sound natural.
Q2
PASSIVE: The heroine is killed by herself at the end of Romeo and Juliet.
ACTIVE: The heroine kills herself at the end of Romeo and Juliet.
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
27/45
27
( ) The passive sentence sounds more natural.
( ) The active sentence sounds more natural.
( ) Both sound natural.
Q3
PASSIVE:Hamletwas written by Shakespeare.
ACTIVE:Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.
( ) The passive sentence sounds more natural.
( ) The active sentence sounds more natural.
( ) Both sound natural.
Q4
PASSIVE:By whom was the play written?
ACTIVE:Who wrote the play?
( ) The passive sentence sounds more natural.
( ) The active sentence sounds more natural.
( ) Both sound natural.
Q5
PASSIVE:The play is being performed at the Crown Theatre.
ACTIVE:A theatre company is performing the play at the Crown Theatre.
( ) The passive sentence sounds more natural.
( ) The active sentence sounds more natural.
( ) Both sound natural.
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
28/45
28
USEFUL EXPRESSIONS
Nicole looks at some expressions Martin uses in his discussion of Englishas a global language.
Here are some expressions which Martin used: in that sense, in a geographysense, in terms of.
in the sense that
Some words and phrases have several meanings, or senses.
Its an international companyin the sense that its employees are from all
over the world.
Its an international companyin the sense thatit has offices in several
different countries.
When we say in the sense that, we show exactly which meaning we are using.
English is a global language in the sense that it is used in many different
contexts.
in a geographic sense
The phrase in a geographic sense shows which particular meaning we are using.
Cantonese is a global language, in a geographic sense.
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
29/45
29
Cantonese is spoken in many different places so it is global in one way, but it isntused in as many different contexts as English.
in terms of
When we say in terms of, we explain how we are thinking about or measuringsomething.
English is the global language both in terms ofthe number of speakers and
its global reach.
British Council
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Q1
Canada is bigger than Brazil
[_____] but Canadas population is
smaller.
( ) in the sense that
( ) in a geographical sense
( ) in terms of
Q3
English spelling can be difficult
[_____] letters are not always
pronounced the same way.
( ) in the sense that
( ) in a geographical sense
( ) in terms of
Q2
The event was successful [_____]
visitor numbers but we didnt make
a lot of money.
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
30/45
30
( ) in the sense that
( ) in a geographical sense
( ) in terms of
Q4
This laptop is much more
expensive than that one but
[_____] performance and reliability,
theyre quite similar.
( ) in the sense that
( ) in a geographical sense
( ) in terms of
UNIT 3:READING COMPREHENSIONTOEFL ITP TEST
__________________________________________________________________
Source: http://www.ets.org/toeflitp
The Reading section contains reading passages and questions about them.
Knowledge of some specific words is tested too. Because many English words
have more than one meaning. The following comprehension exercises will test the
meaning of a word/ phrase within the context of the passage.
Reading Tips
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
31/45
31
- Read regularly: textbooks or others materials that cover a variety of
subjects areas like sciences, arts, business, history, politics and
are written in an academic language;
- Scan passages and highlight key information like facts, dates and
numbers;
- Develop the ability to skim quickly and identify major points;
- After skimming it, read again more carefully and highlight the main
idea;
- Guess the meaning of some unfamiliar words from the context;
- Underline all pronouns and find out the nouns to which they refer in
the sentence;
- Try to explain to yourself what youve just understood about the
passage or a paragraph;
- Practice regularly to improve reading and fluency.
Directions
In this section you will read several passages. Each passage is followed by several
questions about it. For questions 1-50, you are to choose onebest answer (A), (B),
(C) or (D), to each question.
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
32/45
32
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
33/45
33
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
34/45
34
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
35/45
35
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
36/45
36
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
37/45
37
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
38/45
38
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
39/45
39
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
40/45
40
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
41/45
41
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
42/45
42
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
43/45
43
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
44/45
44
7/25/2019 Oficina Sem Os Comentarios
45/45
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
BBC:www.bbc.co.uk/radio
BBC:www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish
FUTURE LEARN:www.futurelearn.com
NPR:www.npr.org
TOEFL ITP:www.ets.org/toeflitp
http://www.bbc.co.uk/radiohttp://www.bbc.co.uk/radiohttp://www.bbc.co.uk/radiohttp://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglishhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglishhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglishhttp://www.futurelearn.com/http://www.futurelearn.com/http://www.futurelearn.com/http://www.npr.org/http://www.npr.org/http://www.npr.org/http://www.ets.org/toeflitphttp://www.ets.org/toeflitphttp://www.ets.org/toeflitphttp://www.ets.org/toeflitphttp://www.npr.org/http://www.futurelearn.com/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglishhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/radio