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31/10/2017
Overview of Waste Management Industry in India:
Policy & Regulatory Framework
Vaishali Nandan,
Deputy Director, GIZ-SNUSP
25th September, 2017
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GIZ Project – SNUSP II
Support to M/o-Housing & Urban Affairs in implementation of
Clean India Mission (Swachh Bharat Mission)
Objective: “Indian states and their cities take effective measures to avoid
pollution caused by wastewater and municipal solid waste.”
Uttarakhand
MaharashtraTelangana
Andhra Pradesh
Kerala
P
R
O
J
E
C
T
L
O
C
A
T
I
O
N
s
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National Level
State Level
Urban Local Body
MoHUA (main partner),
MoEFCC, CPHEEO,
CPCB,, NIUA
Shimla, Raipur,
Nashik, Tirupati, Kochi
State Cell
Support
Urban Development Dept .–
Kerala, Uttarakhand,
Telangana,
Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra
Cells – MoHUA
Support- MoEFCC,
NIUA, CPHEEO &
CPCB
Environmental
Cell (phase I)
Universities,
Training
Institutions,
NGOs,
International
and National
Consultants,
Multi-lateral
and Bilateral
organizations
How We Work?
• GIZ supports the partner’s processes
• Three Level Approach with focus on States & selected Cities
• Lessons learned at city & state level are fed back to the state and central level
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Our work under SNUSP
31/10/2017
National
City
State
MSWM Manual, 2016, inputs in framing SWM Rules,
MSWM Manual based Trainings & ToT for training institutes,
EPR framework, compost policy roll-out, etc.
State Policy & Strategy development,
DPR preparation templates & DPR quality control,
Handholding trainings and Support to training institutes
City support for preparing & implementing of DPR,
handholding in implementation, trainings
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Urbanization trends in India
Type of Urban Units2011
Census
2001
Census
1. Towns: 7,935 5,161
(a) Statutory Towns 4,041 3,799
(b) Census Towns 3,894 1,362
2. Urban
Agglomerations475 384
• Urban Population - 377 million
(31.16 %)
• Total number of urban centers:
7935
• Statutory Towns (4041nos) are
administered by Urban Local
Bodies
• Census towns have trebled over
a decade. Increase in Statutory
Towns has been much slower.
Source: Census of India, 2011
Census Towns are
administered via rural
administration – provision of
urban services not mandatory
in these areas
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Waste characteristics:
Per capita generation in Indian cities:
0.2 kg-0.6kg/capita/day
Compostable fraction: 29 – 65 %
Total recyclables: 9 -37 %
Calorific value : 591 – 3766 kcal/kg
Total waste collected 75-80%
Total treated 22-28%
Data show large variations
ULBs don’t create primary data
Municipal Solid Waste Management Sector in India
Total Waste generation- 62 million tonns annually (2016)
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Governance structure in India
Government of India
State Government (s)
Rural Local Bodies
Panchayat
Urban Local Bodies
Municipality and Municipal
Corporation
• Federal structure with three tiers of
governance
• Third tier of local self government
was given recognition in 1992 (after
the 73rd and 74th Constitutional
Amendments)
• Urban Local Bodies constitute of the
executive wing – headed by the
Municipal Commissioner and the
elected legislative wing – headed by
the MayorUrban Local Body
Responsibilities devolved by State Govt.
Solid Waste Management, Sanitation, by-laws
Urban Planning, Water Supply, Sewerage Fire Services, etc.
State Government
State List of Constitution
Departments of Urban Development, Local Self government, etc. state policy
Government orders adopting national directives, implementing missions
Government of India
Union List of Constitution
Ministry of Urban Development, Environment, Forests & Climate Change, etc. Laws, rules, national level financial schemes/ missions/ programs
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Informal recycling system in India
Buy waste directly from Households
Manufacturers/ Traders
Recyclers
Bulk scrap dealers
Small scrap dealers
waste pickersPick up waste
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As on April 1st 2004
for 128 cities
The MSWM&H rules 2000 were notified by MoEF to improve municipal
solid waste management in urban areas.
The timeline for treatment and sanitary land filling was 2003
Few ULB’s in the country have installed SWM facilities till date
MSW (M & H) Rules 2000
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Fund Allocation for MSWM since 2005
JNNURM (2005)
• 316 Million Euros/2090.52 crores INR for 40 cities (as on May 2009)
Finance Commissions 12th & 13
• 415 Million Euros/ 2500 crores INR to MoUD for strengthening
MSWM
• Recommended 50% of all grants to be used for MSWM
Clean India Mission (Swachh Bharat Mission) (2014-19)
Estimated cost of implementing: Rs. 62,009 Crore (ca. 8 Billion
EUR).
Actual funding Rs. 14,623 Crore by Centre; Rs. 4,874 Crore by
States and ULBS; General funding share is Central is 35% and
state 25%.
Balance by city through (Private Sector, User Charges, Land
Leveraging, Innovative Revenue Streams, etc.).
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Ground reality in most ULBs
SBM
NAPCC
National
Mission on
Sustainable
Habitat
RAY
Basic
Services for
Urban Poor
E-Governance
Property TaxNUSP
ULB’s need more qualified staff to manage complex change processes!
Solid Waste Management, Water Supply, Sewerage, Storm water drainage,
Transportation, Health, Double Accounting etc……
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Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016
Municipal Solid Waste Management Manual, 2016
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Central guidance in the Rules
MoEFCC: Central Monitoring Committee
Mo Urban Development: Provide technical guidelines and project finance
to states, training – MSWM Manual 2016 and SBM
CPCB: Review new technologies through SPCB, guidelines
Department of Fertilisers, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers:
market development assistance on city compost; ensure promotion of co-
marketing of compost in the ratio of 3 to 4 bags: 6 to 7
Ministry of Agriculture: FCO, labs for testing quality of compost,
utilization on farmland
Ministry of Power : power tariff and compulsory power purchase
MNRE: W2E plants – facilitate infrastructure and incentives
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State guidance in the Rules
Urban Development Department
• State Policy and Strategy
• Land – allocation of land; incorporation in master plan, development
plan, building by-laws
• Special Economic Zone, Industrial Estate, Industrial Park - at
least 5% of total area of plot or minimum five plots/ sheds for
recovery and recycling facilities
• Common regional landfill site for areas within 50km of each other
• Notify buffer zone for processing and disposal facilities
District Collector – allocation of land and review of town progress
SPCB: review new technologies, environmental clearance of landfill sites
and buffer zone
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SWM Rule elements: Integrated SWM Hierarchy
priority to
prevention,
reduction,
reuse,
recycling,
recovery
Over
disposal
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Elements of the Rule
• Source segregation – minimum 3 categories
• Responsibility of Generator to segregate; includes bulk
generators
• Decentralized and Centralized systems of waste
management including cluster and regional approaches
• Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) for recycled
packaging products such as plastic, tin, glass, sanitary napkins,
etc.,
• Integration of the informal sector
• Use Fee
• Capacity building of ULB staff
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Technologies promoted in the Rules
• Composting for organic – windrow, vermi-composting, invessel, box
composting, etc
• Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) for recyclable waste
• Coprocessing in cement and power use of non-biodegradable &
non recyclable solid waste, calorific value > 1500k/cal
• Refused Derived Fuel (RDF) for managing rejects from recycling
• Waste Incineration for rejects of recycling
• Scientific Landfilling of inerts <20% going to landfill. Rules promotes
zero waste to go to landfill
• Rehabilitation and/ closure of old dumpsites
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Promote products – usage/ application
• Compost
• Compost Policy for subsidy for sale of compost INR 1500/ton
through fertilizer industries or direct sale
• Quality of compost to tested in Agriculture certified labs before
use based on FCO 2009 and FCO 2013
• Industrial units: within 100km from RDF and W2E plants based on
solid waste to use RDF
• Coprocessing of non-biodegradable & non recyclable solid waste,
calorific value > 1500k/cal in cement and power industry
• Special Economic Zone, Industrial Estate, Industrial Park to
earmark at least 5% of total area of plot or minimum five plots or sheds
for recovery and recycling facility
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PPP models in MSW
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MSW Management
& Operation
Characteristics
Relevant
Contract
Models
Examples of
implementing
ULBs
Collection and
Transportation
• Large number of work
force, vehicles & equipment
• Logistics-intensive
• Citizen interface
• Investment & scope varies
Service contracts
Management
contracts
Concession for 7
years or more
Bangalore, Surat,
Ahmedabad,
Chennai, etc.
Street
sweeping
• Labor-intensive
• Logistics-intensive
• Minimal investment in tool
and equipment
• Limited technical skills
Service contracts
subject to contract
labour
Delhi, Hyderabad,
Chennai, Rajkot,
Surat, etc
Transport • Capital-intensive
• Fleet management
skills
Concession
contracts
Bangalore,
Delhi, Chennai,
Ahmedabad, Surat
Processing and
disposal
• Capital-intensive
• Technically skilled staffing
• Experience of
technology deployed
Concession contracts
(DBO, BOO,
DBOOT) for 20 years
or more
Surat, Delhi,
Hyderabad,
Coimbatore Pune,
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Thank You!