PA RemediationPA Remediation

Goals 2.01, 2.02, 2.04Goals 2.01, 2.02, 2.04

Organic CompoundsOrganic CompoundsCarbo-hydratesCarbo-hydrates ProteinsProteins LipidsLipids Nucleic Nucleic

AcidsAcids

Made of? Made of? (elements)(elements)

MonomerMonomer

PolymerPolymer

TestTest N/AN/A

UseUse

Organic CompoundsOrganic CompoundsCarbo-hydratesCarbo-hydrates ProteinsProteins LipidsLipids Nucleic Nucleic

AcidsAcids

Made of? Made of? (elements)(elements)

C, H, OC, H, O

1:2:1 ratio1:2:1 ratio

C, H, O, NC, H, O, N C, H, OC, H, O

No RatioNo Ratio

C, H, O, N, C, H, O, N, PP

MonomerMonomer Simple SugarSimple Sugar

CC66HH1212OO66

Amino Amino AcidsAcids

Fatty AcidsFatty Acids NucleotideNucleotide

PolymerPolymer StarchesStarches ProteinProtein Lipids: Lipids: steroid, waxessteroid, waxes

RNA & RNA & DNADNA

TestTest Benedict’s Benedict’s (Monomer)(Monomer)

Lugol’sLugol’s(Polymer)(Polymer)

Biuret’s Biuret’s Brown Brown Paper BagPaper Bag

N/AN/A

UseUse EnergyEnergy Structural Structural Elements & Elements & EnzymesEnzymes

Structural Structural Elements Elements

Cell Cell MembranesMembranes

Heredity Heredity InformationInformation

Which of the following Which of the following macromolecules found in macromolecules found in animal tissues functions to animal tissues functions to insulate and help animals insulate and help animals conserve heat?conserve heat?

• CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• LipidsLipids• ProteinsProteins• Nucleic acidsNucleic acidsCarbon is important to Carbon is important to living things because:living things because:• It metabolizes easily, It metabolizes easily,

creating a quick energy creating a quick energy sourcesource

• It is abundant on the It is abundant on the Earth’s surfaceEarth’s surface

• It can form 4 covalent It can form 4 covalent bonds with other atomsbonds with other atoms

• It has 12 protons and It has 12 protons and neutronsneutrons

Nucleotides are to nucleic acids Nucleotides are to nucleic acids as amino acids are to:as amino acids are to:A.A. DNADNAB.B. PolypeptidesPolypeptidesC.C. ProteinsProteinsD.D. CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

When Lugols turns dark blue to When Lugols turns dark blue to black in color, it is an black in color, it is an indicator for the presence of indicator for the presence of what compound?what compound?

A.A. CarbohydratesCarbohydratesB.B. LipidsLipidsC.C. ProteinsProteinsD.D. Nucleic acidsNucleic acids

EnzymesEnzymes

Enzymes are Enzymes are proteinsproteins used to speed up used to speed up

reactions. (catalyst)reactions. (catalyst) specific to the specific to the

reactions they reactions they catalyze.catalyze.

reusable.reusable.

EnzymesEnzymes

What effects them and how?What effects them and how? Temperature Temperature

• Optimal point, denatures when too hot or cold Optimal point, denatures when too hot or cold usuallyusually

pHpH• Optimal point, denatures when to acidic or basic Optimal point, denatures when to acidic or basic

usuallyusually ConcentrationConcentration

• As concentration increases so does reaction rateAs concentration increases so does reaction rate

What are enzymes?What are enzymes?• Catalysts used by living Catalysts used by living

thingsthings• Catalysts used in all Catalysts used in all

reactionsreactions• Chemicals used to increase Chemicals used to increase

activation energyactivation energy• Fats used by living things to Fats used by living things to

help speed up chemical help speed up chemical reactionsreactions

How does an enzyme affect a How does an enzyme affect a chemical reaction?chemical reaction?

• It increases the amount of It increases the amount of product formedproduct formed

• It decreases the amount of It decreases the amount of product formedproduct formed

• It increases the activation It increases the activation energyenergy

• It decreases the activation It decreases the activation energy.energy.

One enzyme can facilitate the One enzyme can facilitate the reaction of many substrate reaction of many substrate molecules. Why does an enzyme molecules. Why does an enzyme have this ability?have this ability?

• Enzymes are super charged.Enzymes are super charged.• Enzymes are reusable.Enzymes are reusable.• Enzymes are made from proteins.Enzymes are made from proteins.• Enzymes are disassociated.Enzymes are disassociated.

The graph shows that temperatureThe graph shows that temperature• Has no affect on enzyme activityHas no affect on enzyme activity• Has an optimum where the Has an optimum where the

enzyme works bestenzyme works best• Can denature the enzymeCan denature the enzyme• Both B and C are correctBoth B and C are correct

The Cell Theory States That all Living The Cell Theory States That all Living Organisms Are: Organisms Are:

• Made of one or more cellsMade of one or more cells• Cells are the basic unit of structure and Cells are the basic unit of structure and

functionfunction• Cell come only from pre-existing cellsCell come only from pre-existing cells

CellsCellsStructureStructure FunctionFunction

11

22

33

44

55

66

77

CellsCellsStructureStructure FunctionFunction

11 Cell WallCell Wall Extra SupportExtra Support

22 Cell Cell MembraneMembrane

Homeostasis Homeostasis

33 NucleusNucleus Controls All Controls All Cell ActivitiesCell Activities

44 Chloro-Chloro-plastplast

Makes FoodMakes Food

55 Mito-Mito-

chondriachondria

Makes EnergyMakes Energy

66 VacuolesVacuoles Stores Stores MaterialsMaterials

77 RibosomeRibosome Makes ProteinsMakes Proteins

Kind of Cell?Kind of Cell?

Plants vs. AnimalPlants vs. Animal

PlantPlant Cell WallCell Wall ChloroplastsChloroplasts Large vacuolesLarge vacuoles

AnimalAnimal CentriolesCentrioles LysosomesLysosomes

Prokaryotic Vs. EukaryoticProkaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic

No nucleus or No nucleus or membrane bound membrane bound organellesorganelles ChromatinChromatin

Cell wallCell wall Cell membraneCell membrane CytoplasmCytoplasm RibosomesRibosomes Flagella/ciliaFlagella/cilia

Nucleus and Nucleus and membrane bound membrane bound organellesorganelles

Cell wallCell wall Cell membraneCell membrane CytoplasmCytoplasm RibosomesRibosomes Flagella/ciliaFlagella/cilia

Hierarchy of Cell OrganizationHierarchy of Cell Organization

Organic compoundsOrganic compounds OrganellesOrganelles CellsCells TissuesTissues OrgansOrgans Organ systemsOrgan systems

Cell CommunicationCell CommunicationCells communicate in a variety Cells communicate in a variety

of ways…..of ways….. Direct contact through cytoplasmic bridges Direct contact through cytoplasmic bridges

between the cellsbetween the cells They share cytoplasm and its contentsThey share cytoplasm and its contents

Chemical signalsChemical signals Chemical signals are released from one cell and Chemical signals are released from one cell and

travel to another celltravel to another cell These signals influence the activity of the second cellThese signals influence the activity of the second cell Examples include hormones and neurotransmitters.Examples include hormones and neurotransmitters.

The mitochondrion of the The mitochondrion of the

cell:cell:

A.A. Has only one membraneHas only one membrane

B.B. Has no membraneHas no membrane

C.C. Is circularIs circular

D.D. Is where cellular respiration Is where cellular respiration occursoccurs

Ribosomes:Ribosomes:

A.A. Are the site of protein Are the site of protein synthesissynthesis

B.B. Are made by other Are made by other ribosomesribosomes

C.C. Have their own DNAHave their own DNA

D.D. None of the aboveNone of the above

A(n) ________ is a group of A(n) ________ is a group of

different tissues that work different tissues that work

together to perform a certain together to perform a certain

function.function.

A.A. Organ systemOrgan system

B.B. OrganOrgan

C.C. CellCell

D.D. OrganelleOrganelle

Structures that support and Structures that support and

give shape to plant cells are:give shape to plant cells are:

A.A. MicrobodiesMicrobodies

B.B. Golgi bodiesGolgi bodies

C.C. NucleusNucleus

D.D. Cell wallsCell walls

Which of the following is Which of the following is

part of the cell theory? All part of the cell theory? All

cells:cells:

A.A. Are eukaryoticAre eukaryotic

B.B. Are prokaryoticAre prokaryotic

C.C. Have nucleiHave nuclei

D.D. Come from other cellsCome from other cells

The storage of hereditary The storage of hereditary

information in a eukaryotic information in a eukaryotic

cell is in the:cell is in the:

A.A. CytoplasmCytoplasm

B.B. NucleusNucleus

C.C. CentriolesCentrioles

D.D. LysosomesLysosomes