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Part II Splanchnology
Chapter 5 The Alimentary System
Part II Splanchnology
Chapter 5 The Alimentary System
Ⅰ. General Description: * Constituents: 2 parts Alimentary canal: the mouth, the pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestines:
the duodenum, the jejunum, the ileum
the large intestines: the cecum and appendix,
the colon, the rectum, the anal canal Digestive glands:
the salivary glands: the parotid gland
the submandibular gland the sublingual gland
the liver, the pancreas
Ⅰ. General Description: * Constituents: 2 parts Alimentary canal: the mouth, the pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestines:
the duodenum, the jejunum, the ileum
the large intestines: the cecum and appendix,
the colon, the rectum, the anal canal Digestive glands:
the salivary glands: the parotid gland
the submandibular gland the sublingual gland
the liver, the pancreas
* Functions: ingest foods,
secrete enzymes,
absorb nutrients
eliminate unused residues
* Functions: ingest foods,
secrete enzymes,
absorb nutrients
eliminate unused residues
Ⅱ.The Mouth: * 2 parts: oral vestibular, oral cavity proper.
* walls: oral lips, cheeks, palate, tongue. isthmus of fauces * contents: teeth, tongue. * palate: hart palate soft palate palatine velum palatoglossal arch palatopharyngeal arch palatine tonsil * isthmus of fauces: uvula free margin of palatine velum palatoglossal arch root of tongue.
Ⅱ.The Mouth: * 2 parts: oral vestibular, oral cavity proper.
* walls: oral lips, cheeks, palate, tongue. isthmus of fauces * contents: teeth, tongue. * palate: hart palate soft palate palatine velum palatoglossal arch palatopharyngeal arch palatine tonsil * isthmus of fauces: uvula free margin of palatine velum palatoglossal arch root of tongue.
* The teeth deciduous teeth permanent teeth
The structure: crown root neck of teeth dentine enamel cement periodontal membrane dental cavity, root canal apical foramen dental pulp
* The teeth deciduous teeth permanent teeth
The structure: crown root neck of teeth dentine enamel cement periodontal membrane dental cavity, root canal apical foramen dental pulp
deciduous teeth: 20
2 pairs of incisors
1 pair of canine tooth
2 pairs of molars
permanent teeth: 28-32
2 pairs of incisors
1 pair of canine tooth
2 pairs of premolars
3 pairs of molars
(wisdom tooth)
deciduous teeth: 20
2 pairs of incisors
1 pair of canine tooth
2 pairs of molars
permanent teeth: 28-32
2 pairs of incisors
1 pair of canine tooth
2 pairs of premolars
3 pairs of molars
(wisdom tooth)
• The tongue
3 parts--- root, apex and body
2 surfaces---dorsum and inferior surface
Dorsum: V-shaped terminal sulcus
4 kinds of papillae----
Filiform papillae
Fungiform papillae
Foliate papillae
Vallate papillae
lingual tonsil
• The tongue
3 parts--- root, apex and body
2 surfaces---dorsum and inferior surface
Dorsum: V-shaped terminal sulcus
4 kinds of papillae----
Filiform papillae
Fungiform papillae
Foliate papillae
Vallate papillae
lingual tonsil
Inferior surface of tongue: the Frenulum of tongue the Sublingual caruncle the Sublingual folds
Structures: mucosa,
muscles of the tongue
Inferior surface of tongue: the Frenulum of tongue the Sublingual caruncle the Sublingual folds
Structures: mucosa,
muscles of the tongue
• Position: in front of the 1~6th cervical vertebrae• Parts: Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx • Features and structures: nasal part---- pharyngeal opening of auditory tube tubal torus pharyngeal recess oral part--- palatine tonsil, tubal tonsil laryngeal part---piriform recess
• Position: in front of the 1~6th cervical vertebrae• Parts: Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx • Features and structures: nasal part---- pharyngeal opening of auditory tube tubal torus pharyngeal recess oral part--- palatine tonsil, tubal tonsil laryngeal part---piriform recess
Ⅲ. The pharynx:Ⅲ. The pharynx:
• Communication of pharynx: anteriorly: ---choanae---nasal cavity ---isthmus of fauces---oral cavity ---aperture of larynx---laryngeal cavity inferiorly: ---esophagus Laterally:---pharyngeal opening of auditory tube---tympanic cavity
• Communication of pharynx: anteriorly: ---choanae---nasal cavity ---isthmus of fauces---oral cavity ---aperture of larynx---laryngeal cavity inferiorly: ---esophagus Laterally:---pharyngeal opening of auditory tube---tympanic cavity
Ⅳ.The Esophagus:• 3 parts: cervical, thoracic and abdominal parts• 3 constrictions: 1st---at its commencement, 15cm from the incisor teeth 2nd---where is crossed by the left principal bronchus anteriorly, 25cm from the incisor teeth 3rd---where it passes through the diaphragm, 40cm from the incisor teeth • Structures: upper part: skeleton m. middle part: skeleton m.and smooth m. lower part: smooth m.• position
Ⅳ.The Esophagus:• 3 parts: cervical, thoracic and abdominal parts• 3 constrictions: 1st---at its commencement, 15cm from the incisor teeth 2nd---where is crossed by the left principal bronchus anteriorly, 25cm from the incisor teeth 3rd---where it passes through the diaphragm, 40cm from the incisor teeth • Structures: upper part: skeleton m. middle part: skeleton m.and smooth m. lower part: smooth m.• position
• The Salivary glands:
The Parotid gland
The Sublingual gland
The Submandibular gland
The Name,
Positions,
Opening of its ducts
• The Salivary glands:
The Parotid gland
The Sublingual gland
The Submandibular gland
The Name,
Positions,
Opening of its ducts
Ⅴ.The stomach : The shape and parts 2 openings: cardia, pylorus
2 surfaces: anterior and posterior
2 curvatures: greater curvature
lesser curvature
angular incisure
4 parts: the cardiac part
the fundus of stomach
the body of stomach
the pyloric part
pyloric antrum
pyloric canal
Ⅴ.The stomach : The shape and parts 2 openings: cardia, pylorus
2 surfaces: anterior and posterior
2 curvatures: greater curvature
lesser curvature
angular incisure
4 parts: the cardiac part
the fundus of stomach
the body of stomach
the pyloric part
pyloric antrum
pyloric canal
The position and relations
--- the position:
Its between the end of the
esophagus and the beginning
of the small intestine. It lies in
the epigastric, umbilical and
left hypochondriac regions of
abdomen. cardiac orifice– at left side of 11th thoracic vertebra pyloric orifice– at right side of 1st lumbar vertebra
The position and relations
--- the position:
Its between the end of the
esophagus and the beginning
of the small intestine. It lies in
the epigastric, umbilical and
left hypochondriac regions of
abdomen. cardiac orifice– at left side of 11th thoracic vertebra pyloric orifice– at right side of 1st lumbar vertebra
--- the relations: anteriorly---
left costal margin
diaphragm
left pleura
the base of the left lung
the left pleural cavity
the pericardium
left and quadrate lobes of the liver
the anterior abdominal wall
transverse colon
--- the relations: anteriorly---
left costal margin
diaphragm
left pleura
the base of the left lung
the left pleural cavity
the pericardium
left and quadrate lobes of the liver
the anterior abdominal wall
transverse colon
posteriorly---
the diaphragm
the spleen
the left suprarenal gland
the upper part of the
left kidney
the splenic artery
the left colic flexure
the anterior surface of the pancreas
the upper layer of the transverse mesocolon
“ stomach bed ”
omental bursa
posteriorly---
the diaphragm
the spleen
the left suprarenal gland
the upper part of the
left kidney
the splenic artery
the left colic flexure
the anterior surface of the pancreas
the upper layer of the transverse mesocolon
“ stomach bed ”
omental bursa
The structures of the wall of stomach: 4 layers --- mucosa:
mucous folds
longitudinal mucous folds
pyloric valve
--- submucosa
--- muscular layers:
inner oblique layer
intermediate circular layer
pyloric sphincter
outer longitudinal layer
--- serous membrane
The structures of the wall of stomach: 4 layers --- mucosa:
mucous folds
longitudinal mucous folds
pyloric valve
--- submucosa
--- muscular layers:
inner oblique layer
intermediate circular layer
pyloric sphincter
outer longitudinal layer
--- serous membrane
Ⅵ.The duodenumⅥ.The duodenum
C-shaped4 parts---superior part descending part horizontal part ascending partStructure---
Descending part has
longitudinal fold
major duodenal papilla Position and relationshap--- It encloses the head of the pancreas; A retroperitoneal organ;Most part of it attached the posterior abdominal wall.
C-shaped4 parts---superior part descending part horizontal part ascending partStructure---
Descending part has
longitudinal fold
major duodenal papilla Position and relationshap--- It encloses the head of the pancreas; A retroperitoneal organ;Most part of it attached the posterior abdominal wall.
Ⅶ. Jejunum and Ileum:
Ⅶ. Jejunum and Ileum:
Upper 2/5Upper 2/5 Lower 3/5Lower 3/5Wider in diameter and wall is thicker;Wider in diameter and wall is thicker; Thiner in diameter and wallis thinnerThiner in diameter and wallis thinner
Color is redder and has more Color is redder and has more vascularvascular
Color is not redder than Color is not redder than jejunum and has lesser jejunum and has lesser vascularvascular
The circular mucosal folds are larger and The circular mucosal folds are larger and moremore
The circular mucosal folds are shorter The circular mucosal folds are shorter and fewand few
Only solitary lymphatic folliclesOnly solitary lymphatic follicles Solitary and aggregated lymphatic Solitary and aggregated lymphatic folliclesfollicles
Ⅷ. Large intestine: Parts--- colon cecum rectum anal canal structures --- except rectum anal canal and appendix
3 colic bands haustra of colon epiploic appendices
Ⅷ. Large intestine: Parts--- colon cecum rectum anal canal structures --- except rectum anal canal and appendix
3 colic bands haustra of colon epiploic appendices
The cecum and vermiform appendix :
position: in the right iliac fossa, above the
lateral half of the inguinal ligament and
below the ileocecal valves.
structure: ileocecal valves
opening of the vermiform appendix
The cecum and vermiform appendix :
position: in the right iliac fossa, above the
lateral half of the inguinal ligament and
below the ileocecal valves.
structure: ileocecal valves
opening of the vermiform appendix
Vermiform:
shape: worm shaped tube, 2—20 cm in length, about 8.3cm in average
Position: right iliac or inguinal region , spings from the posteromedial wall of the cecum. common positions of the tip: retrocecally, inferior to the cecum, behind or front of ileum, into the lesser pelvis Surface projection of the root of vermiform appendix--- McBurney’s point
Vermiform:
shape: worm shaped tube, 2—20 cm in length, about 8.3cm in average
Position: right iliac or inguinal region , spings from the posteromedial wall of the cecum. common positions of the tip: retrocecally, inferior to the cecum, behind or front of ileum, into the lesser pelvis Surface projection of the root of vermiform appendix--- McBurney’s point
McBurney’s point
At the junction of the meddle and lateral thirds of a line that joints the right anterior superioriliac spine and the umbilicus.
McBurney’s point
At the junction of the meddle and lateral thirds of a line that joints the right anterior superioriliac spine and the umbilicus.
Colon:
4 parts----
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
Colon:
4 parts----
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
The rectum: position--- It lies in the posterior part of less pelvis, anterior to the sacrum and coccyx. shape--- 2 flexures: Sacral flexure
Perineal flexure
Ampulla of rectum
structures--- 3 transverse folds of rectum
The rectum: position--- It lies in the posterior part of less pelvis, anterior to the sacrum and coccyx. shape--- 2 flexures: Sacral flexure
Perineal flexure
Ampulla of rectum
structures--- 3 transverse folds of rectum
The Anal Canal: position:
structures: mucous membrane--- anal columns anal valves anal sinuses dentate line anal pecten (hemorrhoidal ring ) white line submucosa--- muscular layer--- sphincter ani internus sphincter ani externus
The Anal Canal: position:
structures: mucous membrane--- anal columns anal valves anal sinuses dentate line anal pecten (hemorrhoidal ring ) white line submucosa--- muscular layer--- sphincter ani internus sphincter ani externus