Part II Splanchnology

Chapter 4 The general Description

Part II Splanchnology

Chapter 4 The general Description

Part II SplanchnologyPart II SplanchnologyChapter 4 The general DescriptionChapter 4 The general Description

I. The definition and subdivisions of the splanchnology : alimentary system respiratory system urinary system genital system

• The study of viscera.

• Most of them are situated in the thoracic, abdominal and

pelvic cavities and are associated with the pleura or

peritoneum.

• It also opened to outside of body directly or indirectly.

I. The definition and subdivisions of the splanchnology : alimentary system respiratory system urinary system genital system

• The study of viscera.

• Most of them are situated in the thoracic, abdominal and

pelvic cavities and are associated with the pleura or

peritoneum.

• It also opened to outside of body directly or indirectly.

II . The main functions of viscera: • The alimentary system: to ingest foods; secrete enzymes that modify the sizes of food molecules; absorb the products of this digestive action and to eliminate the unused residua.

• The respiratory system: to carry out the gass exchanges --- supply of oxygen for the living cells and remove of carbon dioxide resulting from cell metabolism.

• The urinary system: to keep the body in homeostasis by removing and restoring selected amount of water and solutes. It also excretes selected amount of various wastes.

• The genital system: to produce germ cells and to secrete some hormones.

II . The main functions of viscera: • The alimentary system: to ingest foods; secrete enzymes that modify the sizes of food molecules; absorb the products of this digestive action and to eliminate the unused residua.

• The respiratory system: to carry out the gass exchanges --- supply of oxygen for the living cells and remove of carbon dioxide resulting from cell metabolism.

• The urinary system: to keep the body in homeostasis by removing and restoring selected amount of water and solutes. It also excretes selected amount of various wastes.

• The genital system: to produce germ cells and to secrete some hormones.

IV. The reference lines and abdominal regions

1. References lines of the thorax: • Anterior median line

• Lateral sternal line

• Midclavicular line

• Parasternal line

• Anterior axillary line

• Midaxillary line

• Posterior axillary line

• Scapular line

• Paravertebral line

• Posterior median line

IV. The reference lines and abdominal regions

1. References lines of the thorax: • Anterior median line

• Lateral sternal line

• Midclavicular line

• Parasternal line

• Anterior axillary line

• Midaxillary line

• Posterior axillary line

• Scapular line

• Paravertebral line

• Posterior median line

2. Reference lines of abdomen and abdominal regions:• 2 transverse lines :

subcostal line transtubercular line

• 2 longitudinal lines: mid-inguinal lines

•

• 9 regions: epigastric region umbilical region pubic (hypogastric) region

right and left hypochondriac regions right and left lumbar （ lateral ） regions right and left inguinal (iliac) regions

2. Reference lines of abdomen and abdominal regions:• 2 transverse lines :

subcostal line transtubercular line

• 2 longitudinal lines: mid-inguinal lines

•

• 9 regions: epigastric region umbilical region pubic (hypogastric) region

right and left hypochondriac regions right and left lumbar （ lateral ） regions right and left inguinal (iliac) regions

2. Reference lines of abdomen and abdominal regions:

• a transverse line through the

umbilicus and a vertical line

in the midline of the body.

• 4 regions: upper right ( RUQ )

upper left ( LUQ )

lower right ( RLQ )

lower left ( LLQ )

2. Reference lines of abdomen and abdominal regions:

• a transverse line through the

umbilicus and a vertical line

in the midline of the body.

• 4 regions: upper right ( RUQ )

upper left ( LUQ )

lower right ( RLQ )

lower left ( LLQ )

Part II Splanchnology

Chapter 5 The Alimentary System

Part II Splanchnology

Chapter 5 The Alimentary System

Ⅰ. General Description: * Constituents: 2 parts Alimentary canal: the mouth, the pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestines:

the duodenum, the jejunum, the ileum

the large intestines: the cecum and appendix,

the colon, the rectum, the anal canal Digestive glands:

the salivary glands: the parotid gland

the submandibular gland the sublingual gland

the liver, the pancreas

Ⅰ. General Description: * Constituents: 2 parts Alimentary canal: the mouth, the pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestines:

the duodenum, the jejunum, the ileum

the large intestines: the cecum and appendix,

the colon, the rectum, the anal canal Digestive glands:

the salivary glands: the parotid gland

the submandibular gland the sublingual gland

the liver, the pancreas

* Functions: ingest foods,

secrete enzymes,

absorb nutrients

eliminate unused residues

* Functions: ingest foods,

secrete enzymes,

absorb nutrients

eliminate unused residues

Ⅱ.The Mouth:2 parts: oral vestibular, oral cavity proper.

* walls: oral lips, cheeks, palate, Tongue. isthmus of fauces * contents: teeth, tongue. * palate: hard palate soft palate palatine velum palatoglossal arch palatopharyngeal arch palatine tonsil * isthmus of fauces: uvula free margin of palatine velum palatoglossal arch root of tongue.

Ⅱ.The Mouth:2 parts: oral vestibular, oral cavity proper.

* walls: oral lips, cheeks, palate, Tongue. isthmus of fauces * contents: teeth, tongue. * palate: hard palate soft palate palatine velum palatoglossal arch palatopharyngeal arch palatine tonsil * isthmus of fauces: uvula free margin of palatine velum palatoglossal arch root of tongue.

* The teeth deciduous teeth permanent teeth form crown root neck of teeth The structure: dentine enamel cement periodontal membrane dental cavity, root canal apical foramen dental pulp

* The teeth deciduous teeth permanent teeth form crown root neck of teeth The structure: dentine enamel cement periodontal membrane dental cavity, root canal apical foramen dental pulp

deciduous teeth: 20

2 pairs of incisors

1 pair of canine tooth

2 pairs of molars

permanent teeth: 28-32

2 pairs of incisors

1 pair of canine tooth

2 pairs of premolars

3 pairs of molars

(wisdom tooth)

deciduous teeth: 20

2 pairs of incisors

1 pair of canine tooth

2 pairs of molars

permanent teeth: 28-32

2 pairs of incisors

1 pair of canine tooth

2 pairs of premolars

3 pairs of molars

(wisdom tooth)

• The tongue

3 parts--- root, apex and body

Dorsum: V-shaped terminal sulcus

4 kinds of papillae----

Filiform papillae

no tastbuds

tastebuds associated with

Fungiform papillae

Foliate papillae

Vallate papillae

lingual tonsil

• The tongue

3 parts--- root, apex and body

Dorsum: V-shaped terminal sulcus

4 kinds of papillae----

Filiform papillae

no tastbuds

tastebuds associated with

Fungiform papillae

Foliate papillae

Vallate papillae

lingual tonsil

Inferior surface of tongue:

the Frenulum of tongue the Sublingual caruncle the Sublingual folds

Structures: mucosa,

muscles of the tongue

Inferior surface of tongue:

the Frenulum of tongue the Sublingual caruncle the Sublingual folds

Structures: mucosa,

muscles of the tongue

• Position: in front of the 1~6th cervical vertebrae• Parts: Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx • Features and structures: nasal part----opening of auditory tubetubal toruspharyngeal recess oral part---palatine tonsil, tubal tonsillaryngeal part---piriform recess

• Position: in front of the 1~6th cervical vertebrae• Parts: Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx • Features and structures: nasal part----opening of auditory tubetubal toruspharyngeal recess oral part---palatine tonsil, tubal tonsillaryngeal part---piriform recess

Ⅲ. The pharynx:Ⅲ. The pharynx:

• Communication of pharynx: anteriorly: ---choanae---nasal cavity ---isthmus of fauces---oral cavity ---aperture of larynx---laryngeal cavity inferiorly: ---esophagus Laterally:---pharyngeal opening of auditory tube---tympanic cavity

• Communication of pharynx: anteriorly: ---choanae---nasal cavity ---isthmus of fauces---oral cavity ---aperture of larynx---laryngeal cavity inferiorly: ---esophagus Laterally:---pharyngeal opening of auditory tube---tympanic cavity

Ⅳ.The Esophagus:• 3 parts: cervical, thoracic and abdominal parts• 3 constrictions: 1st---at its commencement, 15cm from the incisor teeth 2nd---where is crossed by the left principal bronchus anteriorly, 25cm from the incisor teeth 3rd---where it passes through the diaphragm, 40cm from the incisor teeth • position

Ⅳ.The Esophagus:• 3 parts: cervical, thoracic and abdominal parts• 3 constrictions: 1st---at its commencement, 15cm from the incisor teeth 2nd---where is crossed by the left principal bronchus anteriorly, 25cm from the incisor teeth 3rd---where it passes through the diaphragm, 40cm from the incisor teeth • position

• The Salivary glands:The Parotid gland The duct to this gland (Stensen’s duct ) (the inside of the cheek buccal mucosa ) opposite the upper second molar.

The Sublingual gland the Sublingual folds

The Submandibular glandthe Sublingual caruncle

The Name,

Positions,

Opening of its ducts

• The Salivary glands:The Parotid gland The duct to this gland (Stensen’s duct ) (the inside of the cheek buccal mucosa ) opposite the upper second molar.

The Sublingual gland the Sublingual folds

The Submandibular glandthe Sublingual caruncle

The Name,

Positions,

Opening of its ducts

Ⅴ.The stomach : The shape and parts 2 openings: cardia, pylorus

2 surfaces: anterior and posterior

2 curvatures: greater curvature

lesser curvature

angular incisure

4 parts: the cardiac part

the fundus of stomach

the body of stomach

the pyloric part

pyloric antrum

pyloric canal

Ⅴ.The stomach : The shape and parts 2 openings: cardia, pylorus

2 surfaces: anterior and posterior

2 curvatures: greater curvature

lesser curvature

angular incisure

4 parts: the cardiac part

the fundus of stomach

the body of stomach

the pyloric part

pyloric antrum

pyloric canal

The position and relations

--- the position:

Its between the end of the

esophagus and the beginning

of the small intestine. It lies in

the epigastric, umbilical and

left hypochondriac regions of

abdomen. cardiac orifice– at left side of 11th thoracic vertebra pyloric orifice– at right side of 1st lumbar vertebra

The position and relations

--- the position:

Its between the end of the

esophagus and the beginning

of the small intestine. It lies in

the epigastric, umbilical and

left hypochondriac regions of

abdomen. cardiac orifice– at left side of 11th thoracic vertebra pyloric orifice– at right side of 1st lumbar vertebra

--- the relations: anteriorly---

left costal margin

diaphragm

left pleura

the base of the left lung

the left pleural cavity

the pericardium

left and quadrate lobes of the liver

the anterior abdominal wall

transverse colon

--- the relations: anteriorly---

left costal margin

diaphragm

left pleura

the base of the left lung

the left pleural cavity

the pericardium

left and quadrate lobes of the liver

the anterior abdominal wall

transverse colon

posteriorly---

the diaphragm

the spleen

the left suprarenal gland

the upper part of the

left kidney

the splenic artery

the left colic flexure

the anterior surface of the pancreas

the upper layer of the transverse mesocolon

“ stomach bed ”

omental bursa

posteriorly---

the diaphragm

the spleen

the left suprarenal gland

the upper part of the

left kidney

the splenic artery

the left colic flexure

the anterior surface of the pancreas

the upper layer of the transverse mesocolon

“ stomach bed ”

omental bursa

Ⅵ.The duodenumⅥ.The duodenum

C-shaped4 parts---superior part descending part horizontal part ascending partStructure---

Descending part has

longitudinal fold

major duodenal papilla Position and relationshap--- It encloses the head of the pancreas; A retroperitoneal organ;Most part of it attached the posterior abdominal wall.

C-shaped4 parts---superior part descending part horizontal part ascending partStructure---

Descending part has

longitudinal fold

major duodenal papilla Position and relationshap--- It encloses the head of the pancreas; A retroperitoneal organ;Most part of it attached the posterior abdominal wall.

Ⅶ. Jejunum and Ileum:

Ⅶ. Jejunum and Ileum:

Upper 2/5Upper 2/5 Lower 3/5Lower 3/5Wider in diameter and wall is thicker;Wider in diameter and wall is thicker; Thine in diameter and wallis thinnerThine in diameter and wallis thinner

Color is redder and has more Color is redder and has more vascularvascular

Color is not redder than Color is not redder than jejunum and has lesser jejunum and has lesser vascularvascular

The circular mucosal folds are larger and The circular mucosal folds are larger and moremore

The circular mucosal folds are shorter The circular mucosal folds are shorter and fewand few

Only solitary lymphatic folliclesOnly solitary lymphatic follicles Solitary and aggregated lymphatic Solitary and aggregated lymphatic folliclesfollicles

Ⅷ. Large intestine: Parts--- colon cecum rectum anal canal structures --- except rectum anal canal and appendix

3 colic bands haustra of colon epiploic appendices

Ⅷ. Large intestine: Parts--- colon cecum rectum anal canal structures --- except rectum anal canal and appendix

3 colic bands haustra of colon epiploic appendices

The cecum and vermiform appendix :

position: in the right iliac fossa, above the

lateral half of the inguinal ligament and

below the ileocecal valves.

structure: ileocecal valves

opening of the vermiform appendix

The cecum and vermiform appendix :

position: in the right iliac fossa, above the

lateral half of the inguinal ligament and

below the ileocecal valves.

structure: ileocecal valves

opening of the vermiform appendix

Vermiform:

shape: worm shaped tube, 2—20 cm in length, about 8.3cm in average

Position: right iliac or inguinal region , the posteromedial wall of the cecum. common positions of the tip: retrocecally, inferior to the cecum, behind or front of ileum, into the lesser pelvis Surface projection of the root of vermiform appendix--- McBurney’s point

Vermiform:

shape: worm shaped tube, 2—20 cm in length, about 8.3cm in average

Position: right iliac or inguinal region , the posteromedial wall of the cecum. common positions of the tip: retrocecally, inferior to the cecum, behind or front of ileum, into the lesser pelvis Surface projection of the root of vermiform appendix--- McBurney’s point

McBurney’s point

At the junction of the meddle and lateral thirds of a line that joints the right anterior superioriliac spine and the umbilicus.

McBurney’s point

At the junction of the meddle and lateral thirds of a line that joints the right anterior superioriliac spine and the umbilicus.

Colon:

4 parts----

ascending colon

transverse colon

descending colon

sigmoid colon

Colon:

4 parts----

ascending colon

transverse colon

descending colon

sigmoid colon

The rectum: position--- It lies in the posterior part of less pelvis, anterior to the sacrum and coccyx. shape--- 2 flexures: Sacral flexure

Perineal flexure

Ampulla of rectum

structures— 3 transverse folds of rectum

The rectum: position--- It lies in the posterior part of less pelvis, anterior to the sacrum and coccyx. shape--- 2 flexures: Sacral flexure

Perineal flexure

Ampulla of rectum

structures— 3 transverse folds of rectum

The Anal Canal: position:

structures: mucous membrane--- anal columns anal valves anal sinuses dentate line anal pecten (hemorrhoidal ring ) white line submucosa--- muscular layer--- sphincter ani internus sphincter ani externus

The Anal Canal: position:

structures: mucous membrane--- anal columns anal valves anal sinuses dentate line anal pecten (hemorrhoidal ring ) white line submucosa--- muscular layer--- sphincter ani internus sphincter ani externus

Ⅸ. The liver : The external features :

--- 1. 2 ~ 1. 5 kg (male) 1.0 ~ 1.3 kg (female) --- cuniform : 2 extremities : right (larger) left (smaller) 2 surfaces: diaphragmatic surface visceral surface 2 borders: anterior border posterior border

Ⅸ. The liver : The external features :

--- 1. 2 ~ 1. 5 kg (male) 1.0 ~ 1.3 kg (female) --- cuniform : 2 extremities : right (larger) left (smaller) 2 surfaces: diaphragmatic surface visceral surface 2 borders: anterior border posterior border

• diaphragmatic (superior) surface:

--- 2 ligaments:

falciform ligament; coronary ligament

(right and left triangular ligaments)

--- 2 lobes:

right lobe (large)

left lobe (small)

--- bare area

• diaphragmatic (superior) surface:

--- 2 ligaments:

falciform ligament; coronary ligament

(right and left triangular ligaments)

--- 2 lobes:

right lobe (large)

left lobe (small)

--- bare area

• visceral (inferior) surface: --- “H” shaped groove: 4 lobes the right and left lobes, the caudate lobe, the quadrate lobe the fissure for ligamentum teres hepatis the fissure for ligamentum venosum the fossa for gallbladder the fossa for vena cava (the secondary porta hepatis )

• hepatic veins the transverse fissure ( porta hepatis) proper hepatic artery

• hepatic ducts. hepatic portal vein, nerves , lymphatic vessels ---

• visceral (inferior) surface: --- “H” shaped groove: 4 lobes the right and left lobes, the caudate lobe, the quadrate lobe the fissure for ligamentum teres hepatis the fissure for ligamentum venosum the fossa for gallbladder the fossa for vena cava (the secondary porta hepatis )

• hepatic veins the transverse fissure ( porta hepatis) proper hepatic artery

• hepatic ducts. hepatic portal vein, nerves , lymphatic vessels ---

• The anterior border: --- the notch for ligamentum teres hepatis --- the notch for gallbladder

• The posterior border: bare area

• The anterior border: --- the notch for ligamentum teres hepatis --- the notch for gallbladder

• The posterior border: bare area

The position and relations: Position: right hypochondriac and epigastric regions.

• right half of the anterior border at the same level of the right costal arch• at the middle line of the body, the anterior border below the xiphoid process about 2-4cm.

The position and relations: Position: right hypochondriac and epigastric regions.

• right half of the anterior border at the same level of the right costal arch• at the middle line of the body, the anterior border below the xiphoid process about 2-4cm.

Relations:

superiorly---

diaphragm, lungs,

pleura and pleural cavities,

heart,

pericardium and pericardial cavity

Relations:

superiorly---

diaphragm, lungs,

pleura and pleural cavities,

heart,

pericardium and pericardial cavity

Relations:

superiorly---

the esophagus,

the stomach,

the duodenum,

the gallbladder

the right colic flexure,

the right kidney

the right suprarenal gland

The function: it is very complicated, but one of them is secreting the

bile to digest the fat in the food

Relations:

superiorly---

the esophagus,

the stomach,

the duodenum,

the gallbladder

the right colic flexure,

the right kidney

the right suprarenal gland

The function: it is very complicated, but one of them is secreting the

bile to digest the fat in the food

Ⅹ.The Extrahepatic apparatus:

1. The gallbladder

fundus

body

neck

cystic duct

2. formation:

the right and left hepatic ducts

the common hepatic duct

the gallbladder and cystic duct

the common bile duct

the hepatopancreatic ampulla (sphincter of hepatopancreatic

ampulla)

the major duodenal papilla

Ⅹ.The Extrahepatic apparatus:

1. The gallbladder

fundus

body

neck

cystic duct

2. formation:

the right and left hepatic ducts

the common hepatic duct

the gallbladder and cystic duct

the common bile duct

the hepatopancreatic ampulla (sphincter of hepatopancreatic

ampulla)

the major duodenal papilla

Ⅺ. The Pancreas:1. The external features:

It’s a long, soft, finely lobulated gland.

4 parts:

head, neck, body, tail

2. The structure and function:• It’s a both an exocrine and

endocrine gland.• Exocrine portion releases the

pancreatic joice to digest

the protein in the food mainly• Endocrine portion is formed

by pancreatic islets and secretes

the glucagon and insulin.• Pancreatic duct and accessory

pancreatic duct.

Ⅺ. The Pancreas:1. The external features:

It’s a long, soft, finely lobulated gland.

4 parts:

head, neck, body, tail

2. The structure and function:• It’s a both an exocrine and

endocrine gland.• Exocrine portion releases the

pancreatic joice to digest

the protein in the food mainly• Endocrine portion is formed

by pancreatic islets and secretes

the glucagon and insulin.• Pancreatic duct and accessory

pancreatic duct.

3. The position and relations:

• on the posterior abdominal wall and across the first and second

vertebrae, abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava, hepatic portal vein ;

• a retroperitoneal organ;

• anteriorly: close to the

posterior wall of the stomach;

• the head is surrounded

by the duodenum;

• the tail is in contact with the

hilum of spleen .

3. The position and relations:

• on the posterior abdominal wall and across the first and second

vertebrae, abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava, hepatic portal vein ;

• a retroperitoneal organ;

• anteriorly: close to the

posterior wall of the stomach;

• the head is surrounded

by the duodenum;

• the tail is in contact with the

hilum of spleen .