Period 5 – Part 2

Abraham Lincoln Elected President – Nov. 1860 – promised

free soil – no slavery expansion

South Carolina – secedes – 12/20/1860

Confederate States of America – 7 slave states started a new

country by February 1861

Jefferson Davis selected as president

Lincoln Elected, States Secede

Feb. 4, 1861– Confederacy formed

Confederates begin taking over forts, government buildings

Fort Sumter – one of 4 forts on Confederate Soil as of Lincoln’s

inauguration day

Confederate Takeovers

Evacuate fort – risk acknowledging Confederacy as a

legitimate nation

Attack Charleston Harbor and assert self risk making more

slave states leave union

Lincoln’s Choices at Fort Sumter

Confederate President Jefferson Davis – orders attack of Fort

Sumter– April 12, 1861

Confederates take fort

Confederate attack unites north; military enlistments surge; War!

Fort Sumter – Confederacy Attacks

4 April 1861 – Virginia Convention votes to stay in Union

17 April 1861- after Fort Sumter – Virginia secedes -

unwilling to fight southern states

Major blow to Union

Virginia – most populated & industrialized southern state

Virginia Secession

By May – Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee join Virginia

Maryland, Missouri, Delaware, Kentucky (4 remaining slave

states) stay in Union

Eleven Confederate States

Western Counties of Virginia were Anti-Slavery; SECEDED

FROM VIRGINIA

West Virginia admitted to Union - 1863

West Virginia

North – tremendous advantages – resources, industry,

people, food production, railroads

South – disadvantaged – but had cotton profits, first-rate

generals, home field advantage

Uneven Match

South expected a quick defensive war

North expected a quick offensive war

A Short, Glorious War

South’s Plan – Wear down the North at home; Attack

and invade the North if possible

North’s Anaconda Plan:

Use the navy to block the South’s coast from foreign

trade

Split the South into 2 by controlling Mississippi River

Capture Richmond, Virginia (Confederate Capital)

Two Plans

Union army marching to Confederate Capital

Both inexperienced – back and forth fighting

Union retreated to DC

**confidence for the South

First Bull Run – 7/21/1861

Called for 800,000 volunteers for 3 years!

Appointed Gen. George McClellan to lead army – formed

Army of the Potomac (a risk averse General)

“All Quiet on the Potomac” –McClellan

Superb trainer, well-liked by men

Afraid to lose men

Suffered from bad intelligence

Lincoln’s Response to Bull Run

Confederate Response to Bull Run

Perhaps too much confidence – many deserted armies,

enlistments fell off – Generals Stonewall Jackson, Robert E. Lee

Enlistments and Drafts

March 1863 – Union Congress passed Federal Conscription Law

Draft Riots; anti-black, urban; pejorative - $300 men

Bounties for joining

April 1862 – Confederate Conscription law

“rich man’s war, poor man’s fight”

Exemptions for owners of 20 or more slaves

Foreign Affairs Confederacy sought recognition and or support from

European Powers; Union sought to prevent this

Trent Affair – Nov. 8, 1861 – Union Warship captured British

mail ship transporting 2 CSA diplomats near Cuba; Lincoln

gave in to Brit demands to release captives – feared 2nd war

The Alabama – Confederate Commerce Raider – British built –

harassed Union ships throughout Civil War

Laird Rams – 2 Confederate warships being constructed in

1863 Britain; Britain never finished sale – Union pressure

Violation of the Monroe Doctrine

Napoleon III invaded Mexico during Civil War – clear

violation of Monroe Doctrine – Emperor Maximilian

Economics Confederates crashed; Union boomed

CSA – 4000% inflation; Union – 80% inflation

Union – National Banking System; CSA – no such thing

Union – Morril Tariff Act, Homestead Act of 1862

Union – benefitted from European needs for grain

CSA – suffered from lower European demand for cotton

Minie Ball (a more deadly bullet)

Rifles (more accurate than muskets)

Grenades and landmines

Use of Trench Warfare (later used in World War I)

Iron-clad ships

Union – 360,000 Dead, 275,00 wounded

Confederacy – 270,000 dead, 260,000 wounded

Weapons advance quickly; Medicine Does not

Forts Henry and Donelson – General Ulysses S. Grant – Feb.

1862 – captured 2 Confederate Forts – on way to taking

Mississippi River

Union Armies in the West

6 April 1862 – Grant’s men camped near Shiloh (church)

in western Tennessee – ambushed

Grant reorganized and pushed confederates back

Deadly – 25,000 deaths; Confederate General Johnston killed

greater need for planning; possibility to split Confederacy

Battle of Shiloh – 6 April 1862

Union Admiral – David Farragut – led takeover of lower

Mississippi River w/ ironclad ships – May 1, 1862

Lower Mississippi

Spring 1862, - Anaconda plan almost in effect (blockade,

Mississippi R. almost taken)

US General George McClellan failed to capture Richmond

(confederate capital) – too cautious

June/July 1862 – General Robert E. Lee forced McClellan to

retreat

Cautious General McClellan

South won a decisive victory at Second Battle of Bull

Run – 8/29-30/1862; pushed North

McClellan forced confederate retreat at Battle of

Antietam – 9/17/1862– 26,000 casualties in one day –

bloodiest day in US history

South Pushed out of Maryland – turning point

Southern Victories, High Casualties

After Antietam – Lincoln issued Emancipation

Proclamation – freed slaves in areas in rebellion against

United States

Antietam – Turning Point

Lincoln maintained that his goal was to save Union, not

necessarily to free slaves (CSA used slave labor)

Emancipation Proclamation – freed all slaves, areas in

rebellion against US (1 January 1863)

Emancipation Proclamation

Emancipation – lessened chance Britain or France would

help Confederacy

Emancipation – Affects Foreign Affairs

Blacks were freed as Union Army advanced

By War’s end, 10% of Union Army was black (North was

only 1% black at time)

Blacks in the Union Army

Lincoln – suspended habeas corpus – court orders that

require a judge to determine if a jailed person’s

imprisonment is legal

Expansion of executive powers

Dealing with Dissent

Confederates won victories at Fredericksburg, VA (Dec.

1862), Chancellorsville, VA (May 1863)

Confederacy marches North

Confederates march to Gettysburg, PA July 1863

Confederates ambushed – reinforcements come for both sides

Confederates sent into retreat – Turning Point

Gettysburg – Turning Point

MEANWHILE… Vicksburg Mississippi fell to U.S. Grant – South

now divided at Mississippi River

Lincoln gave Gettysburg Address – November 1863 - emphasized

goal of preserving the Union, CAME OUT in favor of human

equality

Gettysburg and Vicksburg, July 1863

Gettysburg

Vicksburg

Glory

Draft Riots

Andersonville Riots

Gettysburg Address - Jeff Daniels

Morale in the South began to collapse after Gettysburg and Vicksburg – many

southerners wanted end to war, some now fought for Union

The South Crumbles

March 1864 – Lincoln appointed U.S. Grant commander of Union armies – Grant

made William Tecumseh Sherman head of Mississippi Division

Grant and Sherman waged Total War

Grant and Sherman

Sherman burned Atlanta (Fall 1864); went north on a path of destruction in Spring

1865

Surrender at Appomattox - Confederates under Robert E. Lee surrendered to

Union under Ulysses S. Grant (9 April 1865)

Sherman’s Path of Destruction

Lincoln ordered for generous terms of surrender at Appomattox

Lincoln assassinated on 14 April 1865

Resistance collapsed within month of Appomattox

Civil War Ends (1865)

Ensured supreme authority of federal government

Saved the Union but at great cost (lives, money, and resources)

Reconstruction – period after Civil War – how do we deal with South, 4

million freed slaves?

Civil War – What it Meant

Aftermath

North won

South left in horrible shape

Slaves freed (13th amendment), blacks made citizens (14th

amendment) Black men given right to vote (15th amendment)

Key Concept 5.3 I-III – The Civil War changed

and destroyed a lot of things and society had

to attempt to rebuild Key Concept 5.3: The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested

Reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession, but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights.

I. The North’s greater manpower and industrial resources, its leadership, and the decision for emancipation eventually led to the Union military victory over the Confederacy in the devastating Civil War.

II. The Civil War and Reconstruction altered power relationships between the states and the federal government and among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, ending slavery and the notion of a divisible union but leaving unresolved questions of relative power and largely unchanged social and economic patterns.

III. The constitutional changes of the Reconstruction period embodied a Northern idea of American identity and national purpose and led to conflicts over new definitions of citizenship, particularly regarding therights of African Americans, women, and other minorities.

Reconstruction (1865-77) and its Effects

Reconstruction

• Period when U.S. began to rebuild after Civil War

• Also refers to process the federal gov’t used to readmit

the defeated Confederate states to Union.

Lincoln’s Plan

Ten percent plan

• Gov’t would pardon all Confederates except high ranking

officials and war criminals

• As soon as ten percent of those who had voted in 1860

took this oath of allegiance, a Confederate state could

form a new state government.

Radical Republicans Wanted to destroy political power of former slaveholders.

Wade-Davis Bill – 1864 -much stricter requirements for

readmission

wanted African Americans to be given full citizenship and right

to vote.

Lincoln Assassinated

John Wilkes Booth kills Lincoln – Fords theater – 15 April 1865

Andrew Johnson becomes President

Johnson’s Plan For Reconstruction

Excluded high-ranking Confederates, wealthy southern

landowners from oath needed to vote

Pardoned 13,000 former Confederates because he

believed “White men alone must manage the South.”

Johnson’s Plan (continued)

Congress refused to admit new Southern legislators.

Civil Rights Act of 1866 gave African Americans

citizenship, forbade passing discriminatory laws

Johnson vetoed Civil Rights Act of 1866.

Black Codes take hold in South

Congressional Reconstruction

Overrode the president’s vetoes of the Civil Rights Act

and Freedmen’s Bureau Act.

14th Amendment stopped states from denying rights and

privileges to any U.S. citizen - “all persons born or

naturalized in the United States”

Congressional Reconstruction

Reconstruction Act of 1867

• former Confederate states = 5 military districts.

• states required to give blacks right to vote and ratify 14th

amendment to reenter the Union.

• “Radical Regimes” emerge

African Americans in Reconstruction

First time holding office in local, state, and fed. gov’t.

Hiram Revels - first black Senator.

Gen. Sherman – promised former slaves who followed his

army 40 acres per family, use of army mules.

Johnson Impeached

Johnson’s removal of Secretary of War Edwin Stanton from

office, broke Tenure of Office Act.

House Impeached Johnson

Senate voted not to convict.

U.S. Grant Elected - 1868

9 out of 10 southern blacks voted for Grant (500,000 total).

15th Amendment, no voting restrictions based on “race color

or previous condition of servitude.”

Reconstructing Society

• Republican gov’ts began public works programs to repair

physical damage and provide social services.

Politics in the Postwar South

Scalawags - white Southerners who joined the Republican Party.

Carpetbaggers - Northerners who moved to South after war for

profit

Former Slaves Improve Their Lives

Founded their own churches.

First public schools established by Reconstruction governments.

Universities for blacks

Sharecropping and Tenant Farming

Sharecropping

Landowners divide their land and assigned each head of

household a few acres, along with seed and tools.

Opposition To Reconstruction

Ku Klux Klan

Southern vigilante group. Goal to destroy Republicans

Throw out the Reconstruction governments.

Prevent African Americans from exercising rights.

Support for Reconstruction Fades

Panic of 1873

bank failures - 5 year depression.

Election of 1876 – troops removed from South

Democrats “Redeem” the South

Election 1876, Democrat Samuel Tilden won popular vote

but was one vote short of electoral victory.

Southern Democrats in Congress agreed to accept Hayes if

federal troops were withdrawn from the South.

Election of 1876