US Association for Energy EconomicsNational Capital Area Chapter

Petroleum Geology of Shale Gas & Tight Oiland

How To Do It: Drill and Frack a Horizontal Well

Robert KleinbergSchlumberger

Cambridge, Massachusetts

19 May 2017

Schlumberger

Dimmit County, Texas

Greene County, Pennsylvania

Schlumberger is the actual provider of exploration, drilling, and production services to the oil and gas industry.

The views expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of Schlumberger.

2

3

http://ceepr.mit.edu/publications/reprints/648

JMA

Conventional Oil & Gas is Trapped as a Result of a Lucky Combination of Circumstances

Source Rock is Pervasive in Sedimentary Basins

Source Rock

AAPG, “The Quest for Energy”http://www.aapg.org/slide_bank/armentrout_john/index.shtml

r

2480

120° F120° F

350° F350° FGenerationGeneration

MigrationMigration

Seal RockSeal Rock

ReservoiRockReservoiRock

OilOil

WaterWater

Gas CapGas Cap

EntrapmentEntrapment

Source Rock

Tarrant County

Eastland County

100 miles

Barnett Shale

Why is There Gas in Tarrant County and Oil in Eastland County?

Mississippian Earth 340 million years ago

Ron Blakey, Colorado Plateau Geosystemshttp://cpgeosystems.com/340_Miss_2globes.jpg

Mississippian Earth 340 million years ago

Ron Blakey, Colorado Plateau Geosystemshttp://cpgeosystems.com/340_Miss_2globes.jpg

NorthAmerica

Africa

Siberia Siberia

Central Asia

China China

SouthAmerica

Initial contact of Africa and Eastern US:Lakawanna phase of Alleghenian orogeny 

Robert Loucks and Stephen Ruppel, AAPG Bulletin, v. 91, no. 4 (April 2007), pp. 579–601Blakey, http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/hist_by_period.html

Shallow, AnoxicInland Bays & Seas

Burial History Diagram, Eastland County, Texas

Oil Production

Ewing, AAPG Bulletin, v. 90, no. 6 (June 2006), pp. 963 – 966

Oil Production

100C = 20C + (30C/km x 2.7 km)

Dep

th B

elow

Sur

face

Barnett Shale

Burial History Diagram, Tarrant County, Texas

Ewing, AAPG Bulletin, 90, 963‐966 (2006)

GasProduction

152C = 20C + (30C/km x 4.4 km)

Gas Shale Plays Follow the Thrust Belt

Credit Suisse Energy Summit, February 2009

GEO ExPro ‐‐ RLK Modification

MIDDL

E CR

ETAC

EOUS

EARLY CR

ETAC

EOUS

LATE

 CRE

TACEOUS –

PALEOCE

NE –EO

CENE

MISSISSIPPIAN

UPP

ER DEV

ONIAN

LOW‐M

ID DEV

ONIAN

MontereyMarcellus – Fayetteville – Woodford - Marcellus

Permian Basin Niobrara

Utica

Horizontal Drilling & Hydraulic Fracturing:

Why Do It?

Passey, SPE 131350

Human Hair

50 m Excellent ConventionalOil Reservoir Rock

Source Rock/Gas Shale

Reservoir Rock Gas Shale

Pore Size Controls How Fast Oil or Gas Will Flow to the Well

Transmits gas 10,000 more slowlythan conventional gas reservoir rock.

x Surface AreaRock PermeabilityWell Quality =

16

Vertical Well -- 100 ft Thick Reservoir6 inch Diameter Borehole 160 sq.ft.

Vertical Well – 100 ft Thick ReservoirSingle Bi-Wing Fracture, 300 ft/wing

2 surfaces/fracture120,000 sq.ft.

Requirement 1,600,000 sq.ft.

Prudential Tower52 Floors

Floor Space:1,200,000 sq.ft.

gaszone

http://www.skifergas.dk/en/technical‐guide/what‐is‐hydraulic‐fracturing.aspx

Vertical depth 5000 – 11,000 ft

Horizontal run 5000 ft

Fractures (effective) 60 x 2/3

Effective fracture radius 300 ft

Contact area40 x 2 x 2 x 300 ft x 100 ft

= 4.8 million ft2

Horizontal Drilling + Hydraulic Fracturing

17

Low PermeabilityCompensated by>10,000x Surface

Area Enhancement

Horizontal Drilling & Hydraulic Fracturing:

How To Do It

18

Rotary Steerable Drilling

15°/100 ft

You Can Drill from Anywhere to Anywhere19 Gas Wells Drilled and Fractured from a Single 5 Acre Well Site

HOUSTON CHAPTER OF SOCIETY OF INDEPENDENT PROFESSIONAL EARTH SCIENTISTSNovember 2011

5 acrewell site

XTO

20

University of Texas at Arlington

Typical 5,000 foot Horizontal Well

Water: 5 million gallons Sand: 1 lb/gal Chemicals: 1% 200 tons

4000 gal/min @ 10,000 psi 1-2 days/well 24,000 horsepower

21

Lecampion, ARMA 14‐7110

Stages & Perforation Clusters

StageStage

6 perforations/foot @ 60

casingV

H

h

StressTensor

Robert L. Kleinberg, Ph.D.Unconventional ResourcesSchlumberger-Doll ResearchOne Hampshire StreetCambridge, MA 02139

617-768-2277kleinberg@slb.comhttp://www.linkedin.com/pub/robert-kleinberg/19/177/131Member of the National Academy of Engineering

Dimmit County, Texas

23