Post on 01-Jun-2018
transcript
8/9/2019 Plug Load Monitoring
1/26
Plug Load MonitoEmbedded
SupSrik
8/9/2019 Plug Load Monitoring
2/26
Motivation
Detailed and accurate energy accounting is becoming a
critical importance
Plug loads account for a major share of total power con
in both domestic and work environments
Managing plugloads can be a very e!ective tool fo
managers "#M$ to reduce energy usage during Demand
events&
8/9/2019 Plug Load Monitoring
3/26
'hallenges
(wo key challenges to consider plugloads for dem
response are
Energy accounting
Energy Management
#oth the factors are more challenging due to following
(hese loads are decentrali*ed
+t is not immediately known what these loads are
8/9/2019 Plug Load Monitoring
4/26
,hat is Plug Load
A Plug load is the energy consumed by any elect
device that-s plugged into a socket
Plug loads account for nearly ./0 of electricity u
o1ces and much of this energy is wasted&
8/9/2019 Plug Load Monitoring
5/26
2ey components in a Plug Load Monitoring Syste
Smart Energy Meters "SEMs$ +nstantaneous power consumption readings
,ireless interface
%emote actuation abilities
,ireless Ad3oc network architecture Scalable
Secure
Energy e1cient
#ase Stations4,S5 routers Acts as a master in the ,S5 architecture
+nterface between the SEMs and the load monitoring server Load Monitoring server
'ontinuous logging of power readings from SEMs
Database of power consumption history
Automatic handling of demand response events
End user interface Easy and intuitive interface
%eal time tracking of individual plug loads Manual remote actuation interface
8/9/2019 Plug Load Monitoring
6/26
Smart Energy Meter design6 7oltage sense circuitry "Easy part$&
7oltage divider circuitry to tap directly from line voltage&
'urrent sense circuitry "Di1cult part$& Shunt resistor&
'urrent transformers&
3all e!ect sensors&
Energy measurement Dedicated energy metering +'s like ADE889:; ADE8898; M'P:
8/9/2019 Plug Load Monitoring
7/26
7oltage sense circuitry
7oltage can be easily sensed by directly tapping
phase wire with the help of a simple voltage divicircuit&
L@ADPhase
5eutral
AD'4Energymetering +'
7
7B
%
%BSampledvoltage v
C77BC 2 Line 7oltage
8/9/2019 Plug Load Monitoring
8/26
'urrent Sense 'ircuitry =sing Shunt %esistance
=sing 'urrent transformer
=sing 3all e!ect sensor
L@AD%sh
AD'4Energymetering +'
Sample'urren
77B
C77BC 2 'urrent drawn
Phase
5eutral
8/9/2019 Plug Load Monitoring
9/26
Energy measurement
=sing dedicated energy metering +'s like ADE 889: andfrom Analog Devices and M'P:
8/9/2019 Plug Load Monitoring
10/26
Power supply; Actuation and ,ireless +nterfac
Plug load monitoring devices are generally designed to powered from the line power directly
'hoice of power supply circuit closely depends upon theof voltage and current sense circuitry
Step down transformers are generally used when current tranor hall e!ect sensors are used
Direct recti>cation techniGue is preferred when shunt resistan
Actuation generally involves an electromechanical or so
relay; controlled by one FP+@ pin of the M'=& (he choicdepends upon parameters like etent of electrical isolatlifetime and switching speeds
(he choice of wireless interface is almost always ?ig#eeits proven performance and e1ciency in wireless sensonetwork technologies
8/9/2019 Plug Load Monitoring
11/26
,ireless Ad3oc network architectur
Plug loads are spatially distributed in a decentra
way Scalability and network reliability are key aspect
'alls for a Ad3oc network architecture that can such decentrali*ed deployments and have su1credundancies to ensure against disruptions in ne
+f area of deployment is large multihop routing isdesign choice
#aseStatio
8/9/2019 Plug Load Monitoring
12/26
#ase Stations
#ase Stations act as network coordinator for the
the node (he base station is responsible for routing
communication messages to and from the backebuilding management server
#ase stations are hence eGuipped with multiple
communication interfaces&
#aseStation
+nternet
E therne t4 ,i > , i
> 4 E t h e
r n e t 4 F
P % S
H#ee
8/9/2019 Plug Load Monitoring
13/26
Load Monitoring Server
(he base stations will forward live data feeds fro
to a Load Monitoring Server (he server maintains a database of past consum
history of each node
Simple applications daemons running in the servrespond to critical demandresponse events by s
proper actuation commands to the SEMs Servers should also authenticate users; and give
access to SEMs which are registered to them formonitoring and controlling purposes
8/9/2019 Plug Load Monitoring
14/26
End user interface
(he user interface design should be intuitive and
=ser accessibility is a major concern and hence interface is generally implemented as a web inte
=sing the user interface; users should get seamlsecure access to their registered SEMs and viewlive status besides accessing the energy consum
history and remote control their SEMs&
8/9/2019 Plug Load Monitoring
15/26
'ase Study +
Managing Plug-Loads for Demand Response
Buildings
- University of California, San Diego (he proposed system consists of these following
A ,ireless smart energy meter with actuation capabilities
?ig#ee I based wireless network infrastructure
Demand %esponse Server
8/9/2019 Plug Load Monitoring
16/26
Smart Energy Meter
SEM node comprises >ve components
7oltage and current circuitry
Energy measurement unit
Power supply
,ireless %adio
%elay for switching loads on or o!
8/9/2019 Plug Load Monitoring
17/26
,ireless Data 'ollection5etwork (he network architecture is tiered with SEMs sending data
to base stations which relays the information to the D%S&
SEMs eGuipped with ?ig#ee +nterface
#ase Stations is eGuipped with both ?ig#ee and Ethernet
interface
A number of security protocols like AES; trust centre
authentication and key establishment ensure messages
and nodes are authenticated
8/9/2019 Plug Load Monitoring
18/26
Demand %esponse Server
(he D%S collects the energy data from the base
and stores it in a database& (he database record
energy measurements as well as metadata abou
SEMs&
D%S has a webbased interface for both enduse My dashboard"users can add their energy meter to th
and view them$
#uilding management"Administrative interface allows
all the connected meters$
8/9/2019 Plug Load Monitoring
19/26
=sage Models
(here are several methods that #Ms can use
to enact D% events& Direct actuation
(he device parameters allow #Ms to send a singlecommand to all the SEMs for actuation based on devicetype or priority levels etc
(urning o! a device inconveniences users who might bepresent in the D% event
(urning o! all the devices might cause an unwantedspike; especially if there are many devices
=sing @ccupancy +nformation incorporating information from occupancy sensors to
augment our demand response load shedding system&
%esulwith p
Priority
8/9/2019 Plug Load Monitoring
20/26
Snaps of the working model
"a$ Plug based meter "b$ (he ''B9:/based wirelessmodule
"c$ #ase station an
8/9/2019 Plug Load Monitoring
21/26
'ase Study ++
Design and mplementation of a !igh-"idelit
Metering $etwor%
- University of California, Ber%eley (he proposed system consists of these following
Acme nodes with dedicated energy metering +'
5etwork with +PvJ stack on every node and edge router
Acme Application
8/9/2019 Plug Load Monitoring
22/26
A'ME 5@DE
An integrated; small formfactor device with energy
metering; control; and networking in one package
(he A'me node supports a set of sampling and cont
operations such as readKenergy"$; switch"state$; and
report"ipKaddr; rate$
An Acme node consists of following components
currenttovoltage conversion; energy metering; A'4D' po
supply; microcontroller with radio; and solid state A' relay
8/9/2019 Plug Load Monitoring
23/26
A'ME 5E(,@%2
Adhoc +EEE /B&9&. network layer that provideconnectivity
(he network provides connectivity between the nodes and other networks using a dualinterface
Sensor nodes are connected to routers& Acme nodes are the senLinuclass devices&
%outing)provide reliable; multihop communication
within the subnet of A'me nodes&Edge %outer)
provide good network coverage and reliability&
(he edge routers also act as an +nternet routerfor
the subnet assigned to the A'me network& (ransport)
blip on the A'me nodes provides ('P and =DPas
8/9/2019 Plug Load Monitoring
24/26
A'ME APPL+'A(+@5 (+E% (he A'me application consists of a web frontend; a databas
end; and a daemon process& A'ME 5odes are typically con>gured to report energy readin
per minute via =DP to simple Python application daemon run
server&
(he Daemon parses the =DP packets and inserts relevant da
database
#ased on this data =sage pro>les are monitored on cloud&
8/9/2019 Plug Load Monitoring
25/26
'onclusion
(here are multiple ways to reduce plug loads; ra
from purchase of energy e1cient eGuipment to
employee awareness about turning o! devices w
in use&
Managing plug loads is a Guick; coste!ective wasave on energy costs and to boost your bottom
8/9/2019 Plug Load Monitoring
26/26
ueries and suggestions