Potato - University of Idaho...Potato virus X (PVX) Plant Certified Seed Potato mosaic virus (PVY,...

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Potato

Solano tuberosum spp tuberosum

Auto-tetraploid

2n = 4x = 48

Alkaloid-free diploids which could be eaten in quantity

2,000-5,000 year BC

Center of origin is Peru – Bolivia ~ cultivation migration south to Chile.

Named Solanum tuberosum by Casper

Banhin in 1596

South American Indian called the crop papa. The

name potato comes from the

Caribbean Aeawak Indian

word batata

Solanum tuberosum ssp andigena ~ early 1600’s

Jerusalum artichoke

First commercialized in Ireland around 1700’s

Major food source by 1750’s

‘The Curl’

Lead to development of first Seed/Breeding Companies

Sir Thomas Knight 1807

Artificial Hybridization

Potato Blight Phytophthora infestans

1840’s

The Real Irish Potato Blight

Russia 30%

Poland 13%

Germany 12% France

USA 4%

Other 31%

Potato harvested - 2006 Production by County

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

6% 6% 6% 5% 4% 4%

Potato by County

400 cwt/a

80k cwt

24,000 a

475 cwt/a

9,975k cwt 81,000 a

447 cwt/a

36,210k cwt

232,500 a

357 cwt/a

82,650k cwt

Potato by County

Bingham - 20,200k cwt Power - 15,700k cwt Fremont - 10,600k cwt Bonneville - 9,930k cwt Madison - 9,560k cwt Jefferson - 9,100k cwt

Potato Morphology

Tuber Morphology

Maturation

Type Purpose Examples

Duel purpose Russets

French Fry and table stock

Russet Burbank, Gen Russet, Bannock Russet

Processing Russets French Fry Russet Ranger, Umatilla Russet.

Fresh Russets Table stock (mostly bakers)

Russet Norkotah, Russet Nugget

Duel purpose long whites

French Fry, dehydration

Alturas, Shepody

Fresh long whites Table stock White Rose, Ivory Rose

Round chipping whites

Potato chips Atlantic, Chipeta, FL-1533, Ivory Chip, Snowdon

Round fresh whites Table stock Katrina, Superior

Reds Table stock (boilers) IdaRose, Red Lasoda, Red Pontiac, Red Norland, Chieftain

Specialty Funny stuff Yellow flesh (Yukon Gold), purples.

Cultivation

Green Manure Crops

Brassica Green Manure

Oriental Mustard

Spring Wheat

Clonally propagated.

Tubers are swollen stems.

Tubers eyes are stem meristems.

Tubers transmit multiple viral and bacterial diseases.

Development of potato seed limited generation scheme.

Ring Rot

Nuclear Stock Potato

Idaho crop Improvement Association.

A tag attached to a container (sack) of seed potatoes assures the growers/buyer that the contains meet quality standards.

Colors represent different grades of quality.

Disease Nuclear G1 G2 G3 G4 G5

Well-defined mosaic

0 0 0.05 0.25 0.5 1.0

PLRV 0 0 0.02 0.03 0.08 0.2

Blackleg 0 0.1 0.5 1.0 2.0 -

Ring Rot 0 0 0 0 0 0

Root-Knot 0 0 0 0 0 0

Varietal mix 0 0 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.2

Physiological Aging Chitting

Physiological Age

Treatment Spacing (inches)

Stems/ plant

Stems/ acre

2 oz - old 9 3.1 60.016

2 oz - aged 12 4.1 59,532

3 oz – old 12 3.9 56,628

3 oz – aged 15 5.1 59,160

4 oz – old 12 4.2 60,908

4 oz – aged 19 6.2 60,016

Seed Tuber Cutting Fungicide treatment

Seed piece spacing (inches)

Variety Fresh market

Processed Seed Tubers

Russet Burbank 8 - 10 8 – 10 6 – 7

Russet Norkotah 11 – 12 na 7 – 8

Shepody na 8 – 10 6 – 7

Atlantic 5 – 6 7 – 9 4 - 5

Red Lasoda 7 – 9 na 4 – 5

Planting

Fertility

Nitrogen: Plants turn light green., starts in older leaves.

Phosphorus: Plants are stunted and are darker green. Severe symptoms cause leaf blades to curl upwards and turn purplish.

Potassium: young leaves initially develop a glossy appearance. Severe symptoms can cause scorching of leaf margins.

Soil Test NO3

(1-12 inch) (ppm)

Potential Yield (cwt/acre)

300 400 500 600

----------------- lb N/acre ----------------

0 200 240 280 320

10 160 200 240 280

20 120 160 200 240

High Nitrogen Right Nitrogen

Soil Test P

(1-12 inch) (ppm)

% Free Lime

0 4 8 12

--------------- lb P2O5/acre --------------

0 320 360 400 440

20 0 40 80 120

30 0 0 0 0

Soil Test K

(1-12 inch) (ppm)

Potential Yield (cwt/acre)

300 400 500 600

--------------- lb K2O/acre --------------

50 450 500 550 600

100 250 300 350 400

150 50 100 150 200

Nutrient Use

Petiole Analyses

•Proper petiole sampling techniques are critical for determining potato nutrient status. •The fourth leaf is removed for analyses. •50 – 60 4th leaf samples should be taken per sample. •Leaflets are stripped and the petioles dried before shipping for analyses.

Nutrient Low Marginal Sufficient

Nitrate nitrogen, ppm

< 10,000 10,000 – 15,000

>15,000

Phosphorus, % < 0.17 0.17 – 0.22 > 0.22

Potasium, % < 7.0 7.0 – 8.0 > 8.0

Irrigation

< -3 < -3 to -1.5 -1.5 to 0 0 to 1.5 1.5 to 3 > 3

Under irrigation Over irrigation Optimum irrigation

Yield reduction.

Reduction in USDA #1. tubers, Size grade distribution.

Increased disease incidence.

Irregular plant growth:

Growth cracks.

Internal necrosis.

Hollow heart.

Sugar end rot.

Irregular growth, secondary growth.

Hollow Heart

Secondary Growth

Internal Necrosis

Growth Cracks

Pests & Diseases

May June August July

Economic threshold

Economic injury level

Economic threshold

Economic injury level

No Control

With Control

Pest/Crop Stage Pri

Weeds X X X X X X X X X

Nematodes X

Wireworm X

CPB X X X

Late Blight X X X X X

Early Blight X X X X

Aphids X X

Chemical Group Generic Name Examples

Benzimidazole Thiabendazole TBX®, Tops®, Topsin®

Bezamides Zoxamide Gavel®

Dicarboximides Iproione Rovral®

Phenylamides Mefanoxam Ridomil®, Ultraflourish®

Carboxamides Flutolanil Moncut®, Moncoat®

Phenylpyrroles Fludioxonil Maxim®

Carbarnate Propamocarb Previcur®

Dithiocarbarnate Mancozeb, Metiram, Maneb

Dithane®, Manzate®, Polyram®

Phthalimide Chlorothalonil Bravo®, Echo®, Terranil®

Cyclic-imide Captan Captan®

Cinnamic acid derivative Dimethomorph Acrobat®

Virus Management options

Bacterial ring rot (Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. Seprdonicus)

Plant Certified Seed. If found, eliminate all potatoes on the farm. Clean and disinfect all machinary. No potato on the farm for at least 1 year. No seed potato production for ever.

Blackleg (Erwinia carotovora ssp. atroseptica)

Plant Certified Seed. Do not wash seed. Avoid excess irrigation pre-emergence. Use whole (uncut) seed.

Bacterial soft rot (Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora )

Avoid brusing. Properly heal (cure) potatoes before storage. Store as cool as possible. Avoid moisture and maintain low humidity.

Common scab (Streptomyces scabies)

Avoid low soil moisture during tuber set. No chemical control available.

Ring Rot Blackleg

Bacterial soft rot Common Scab

Dry rot (Fusarium sambucinum or Fusarium coeruleum)

Harvest only mature tubers with well developed skin. Avoid tuber damage. Use fungicide (TBZ or Mertect) to treat tubers. Heal harvested tubers at 50-55oF before cold storage.

Potato early dying (Verticilliumj dahliae)

Plant Certified Seed and resistant cultivars. Grow potato once in 5 years. Apply fungicides through irrigation system. Minimize plant stress.

Early blight (Alternaria solani)

Provide proper nutrient and irrigation. Use fungicides when needed. Avoid harvesting when haulm is green.

Late blight (Phytophthora infestans)

Use certified seed. Use seed piece fungicide (Mancozeb, cymoxanil). Unitiate preventative fungicide program. If detected on tubers, increase storage temperature to completely dry tubers before storage. If >5% tuber symptems, don’t store.

Early dying Dry rot

Early blight

Late blight

Rhyzoctonia, black scurf (Rizoctonia solani)

Use fungicide seed treatment. Plant into warm soils to encourage rapid emergence.

White mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)

Use long crop rotation. Avoid prolonged canopy wetness. Use chemical control when scouted.

Pink Rot (Phytophthora erythroseprica)

Avoid waterlogging and tuber damage. Use fungicide (mefanoxam) on seed and as foliar.

Pythium leak (Pythium spp.)

Avoid tuber wounds, do not harvest at high temperatures (>65oF).

Silver scruf (Helminthosporium solani)

Plant disease-free tubers. Use fungicide on seed pieces. Keep low humidity in storage.

Powdery scab (Spongospora spp)

Plant certified seed. Follow a 4-year rotation. Use russet cultivars.

Powdery scab

White mold

Pink rot

Rhizoctonia

Broadleaves: nightshade (hairy & cutleaf); bindweed; knapweed; kochia; lambsquarter; mallow; wild mustard; pigweed; thistle (Canadian & Russian).

Grasses: Volunteer barley& wheat; wild oat; barnyardgrass; crabgrass; quackgrass.

Parasitic: Dodder.

Herbicides:

Broadleaf: Treflan; Sencor.

Grasses: Eptam; Prowl; Matrix; Poast; Dual Magnum.

G palida

G. rostochiensis

PCN Damage

Potato Root Knot Nematode

Aphids

Potato virus X (PVX) Plant Certified Seed

Potato mosaic virus (PVY, PVA)

Plant Certified Seed

Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV)

Plant Certified Seed. Use systemic insecticide at planting, use aphicides if needed.

Corky Ringspot virus(TRV)

Plant Certified Seed. Use soil fumigant to control stubby root nematodes (vector)

Colorado Potato Beetle

Seed treatment: Chloro-nicotinyl - Cruiser, Gaucho, Genesis

In-furrow/at planting: Carbamate - Temik, Vydate

Foliar: Biological – B. thuringensis

Carbamate – Furidan, Sevin

Chloro-nicitinyl –Admire, Asail, Provado

Pyrethroid – Leverage

Cyclodiene – Thiodan, Phaser.

Organophosphate – Aztec, Diazinon, Di-Syston, Lorsban, Mocap, Imidan.

Pyridine - Fulfill

Harvest

Maturation Windrow

Harvest Haul

Good maturation and seed set before harvest.

Avoid tuber damage:

Appropriate soil moisture to move windrows and harvesters without excessive dirt clods.

Avoid tuber dehydration.

Avoid ‘sharp’ points of harvesters and elevators.

Reduce tuber dropping and impact bruising.

Harvest temperatures when tuber pulp is between 50 and 60oF.

Storage

Sufficiently strong lateral structure to support weight of the potato pile.

Adaquate insolation and moisture barrier.

Air circulation to supply air through the potato pile.

Moisture/humidity control.

Temperature control (raise and lower).

Multiple sensors and controllers to allow maintenance of automaticoptimum storage condition.

Quality

Tubers freeze

Increased sugar buildup

Seed tuber storage

Processing storage

Chipping storage

Reconditioning to reduce sugars or for sprouting

Too cold

Susceptible to bruise when handling

Minimum respiration

Suberization and wound healing

Alfalfa

Potato - University of Idaho...Potato virus X (PVX) Plant Certified Seed Potato mosaic virus (PVY,...

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