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PREFACE xv
1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS 1
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I-I COMMUNICATIONS\
1-2 COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS1-2.1 Information1-2.2 Transmitter1-2.3 Channel-Noise1-2.4 Receiver
1-3 MODULATION1-3.1 Description1-3.2 Need for modulation
1-4 BANDWIDTH REQUIREMENTS1-4.1 Sine wave and Fourier series review1-4.2 Frequency spectra of nonsinusoidal waves
2 NOISE 14
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2-1 EXTERNAL NOISE2-1.1 Atmospheric noise2-1.2 Extraterrestrial noise2-1.3 Industrial noise
2-2 INTERNAL NOISE2-2.1 Thermal agitation noise2-2.2 Shot noise2-2.3 Transit-time noise2-2.4 Miscellaneous noise
2-3 NoIsE CALCULATIONS2-3.1 Addition of noise due to several sources2-3.2 Addition of noise due to several amplifiers in cascade2-3.3 Noise in reactive circuits
2-4 NOISE FIGURE2-4.1 Signal-to-noise ratio2-4.2 Definition of noise figure.
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vi CONTENTS
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2-4.3 Calculation of noise figure2-4.4 Noise figure from equivalent noise resistance2-4.5 Noise figure from measurement
2-5 NOISE TEMPERATURE
3 AMPLITUDE MODULATION 35
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3-1 AMPLITUDE MODULATION THEORY3-1.1 Frequency spectrum of the AM wave3-1.2 Representation of AM3-1.3 Power relations in the AM wave
3-2 GENERATION OF AM3-2.1 Basic requirements-Comparison of levels3-2.2 Grid-modulated class C amplifier3-2.3 Plate-modulated class C amplifier3-2.4 Modulated transistor amplifers3-2.5 Summary
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4 SINGLE-SIDEBAND TECHNIQUES
4-1 EVOLUTION AND DESCRIPTION OF SSB
4-2 SUPPRESSION OF CARRIER4-2.1 Effect of nonlinear resistance on added signals4-2.2 The balanced modulator
4-3 SUPPRESSION OF UNWANTED SIDEBAND4-3.1 The filter system4-3.2 The phase-shift method4-3.3 The "third" method4-3.4 System evaluation and comparison
4-4 EXTENSIONS OF SSB4-4.1 Forms of amplitude modulation4-4.2 Carrier reinsertion-Pilot-carrier systems4-4.3 Independent-sideband (ISB) systems4-4.4 Vestigial-sideband transmission
4-5 SUMMARY
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~. THEORY OF FREQUENCY AND PHASE MODULATION5-1.1 Description of systems5-1.2 Mathematical representation of PM5-1.3 Frequency spectrum of the PM wave5-1.4 Phase modulation5-1.5 Intersystem comparisons
CONTENTS vii
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5-2 NOISE AND FREQUENCY MODULATION5-2.1 Effects of noise on carriet-Noise triangle5-2.2 Pre-emphasis and de-eiilphasis5-2.3 Other forms ofinteiference5-2.4 Comparison of wideband and narrowband FM5-2.5 Stereophoni~ PM multiplex system
,5-3 GENERATION OF FREQUENCY MODULATION
5-3.1 PM methods5-3.2 Direct methods5-3.3 Stabilized reactance modulator-AFC5-3.4 Indirect method
5-4 SUMMARY"
6 RADIO RECEIVERS 118
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6-1 RECEIVER TYPES6-1.1 Tuned radio-frequency (TRF) receiver6-1.2 Superheterodyne receiver
6-2 AM RECEIVERS6-2.1 RF section and characteristics6-2.2 Frequency changing and tracking6-2.3 Intermediate frequencies and IF amplifiers6-2.4 Detection and automatic gain control (AGC)
6-3 COMMUNICATIONS RECEIVERS6- 3.1 Extensions of the superheterodyne principle6-3.2 Additional circuits6-3.3 Additional systems
6-4 FM RECEIVERS6-4.1 Common circuits-Comparison with AM receivers6-4.2 Amplitude limiting6-4.3 Basic FM demodulators6-4.4 Radio detector6-4.5 FM demodulator comparison6-4.6 Stereo FM multiplex reception
6-5 SINGLE- AND INDEPENDENT -SIDEBAND RECEIVERS6-5.1 Demodulation of SSB6-5.2 Receiver tvoes
7 TRANSMISSION LINES 185
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7-1 BASIC PRINCIPLES7-1.1 Fundamentals of transmission lines7 -1.2 Characteristic impedance
viii CONTENTS
192193196199
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7-1.3 Losses in transmission lines7-1.4 Standing waves7-1.5 Quarter- and half-wavelength lines7 -1.6 Reactance properties of transmission lines
7-2 THE SMITH CHART AND ITS APPLICATIONS7-2.1 Fundamentals of the Smith chart7-2.2 Problem solution
7-3 TRANSMISSION-LINE COMPONENTS7-3.1 The double stub7-3.2 Directional couplers7-3.3 Baluns7-3.4 The slotted line
8 RADIATION AND PROPAGATION OF WAVES 222
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?A.Q
8-1 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION8-1.1 Fundamentals of electromagnetic waves8-1.2 Effects of the environment
8-2 PROPAGATION OF WAVES8-2.1 Ground (surface) waves8-2.2 Sky-wave propagation-The ionosphere8-2.3 Space waves8-2.4 Tropospheric scatter propagation8-2.5 Extraterrestrial communications
9 ANTENNAS 255
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9-1 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS9-1. 1 Electromagnetic radiation9-1.2 The elementary doublet (Hertzian dipole)
9-2 WIRE RADIATORS IN SPACE9-2.1 Current and voltage distributions9-2.2 Resonant antennas, radiation patterns, and length calculations9-2.3 Nonresonant antennas (Directional antennas)
9-3 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS9-3.1 Antenna gain and effective radiated power9-3.2 Radiation measurement and field intensity9-3.3 Antenna resistance9-3.4 Bandwidth, beamwidth, and polarization
9-4 EFFECTS OF GROUND ON ANTENNAS9-4.1 Ungrounded antennas9-4.2 Grounded antennas
CONTENTS ix
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9-4.3 Grounding systems9-4.4 Effects of antenna height
9-5 ANTENNA COUPLI~G AT MEDIUM FREQUENCIES9-5.1 General considerations9-5.2 Selection of feed point9-5.3 Antenna collplers9-5.4 Impedance matching with stubs and other devices
9-6 DIRECTIONAL HIGH-FREQUENCY ANTENNAS9-6.1 Dipole arrays9-6.2 Folded dipole and applications9-6.3 Nonresonant antennas-The rhombic
9-7 UHF AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS9- 7.1 Antennas with parabolic reflectors9- 7.2 Horn antennas9- 7..3 Lens antennas
9-8 WIDEBAND AND SPECIAL-PURPOSE ANTENNAS9-8.1 Folded dipole (bandwidth compensation)9-8.2 Helical antenna9-8.3 Discone antenna9-8.4 Log-periodic antennas9-8.5 Loop antennas9-8.6 Phased arrays
9-9 SUMMARY
10 WAVEGUIDES, RESONATORS AND COMPONENTS 310
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10-1 RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDES10-1.1 Introduction10-1.2 Reflection of waves from a conducting plane10-1.3 The parallel-plane waveguide10-1.4 Rectangular waveguides
10-2 CIRCULAR AND OTHER WAVEGUIDES10-2.1 Circular waveguides10-2.2 Other waveguides
10-3 WAVEGUIDE COUPLING, MATCHING AND ATTENUATION10-3.1 Methods of exciting waveguides10-3.2 Waveguide couplings10-3.3 Basic accessories10-3.4 Multiple junctions10-3.5 Impedance matching and tuning
10-4 CAVITY RESONATORS10-4.1 Fundamentals10-4.2 Practical considerations
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10-5 AUXILIARY COMPONENTS10-5.1 Directional couplers10-5.2 Isolators and circulators.10-5.3 Mixers, detectors and detector mounts
10-5.4 Switches
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II-I MICROWAVE TRIODES~ 1-1.1 Frequency limitations of gridded tubes11-1.2 UHF triodes and circuits
11-2 MULTICAVITY KLYSTRON11-2.1 Operation11-2.2 Practical considerations
11-3 REFLEX KLYSTRON11-3.1 Fundamentals11-3.2 Practical considerations
11-4 MAGNETRON11-4.1 Introduction11-4.2 Operation11-4.3 Practical considerations11-4.4 Types, performance and applications
11-5 TRAVELING-WAVE TUBE (TWT)11-5.1 TWT fundamentals11-5.2 Pr!lctical considerations11-5.3 Types, performance and applications
11-6 OTHER MICROWAVE TUBES11-6.1 Crossed-field amplifier11-6.2 Backward-wave oscillator11-6.3 Miscellaneous tubes
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12-1 PASSIVE MICROWAVE CIRCUITS12-1.1 Stripline and microstrip circuits12-1.2 SAW devices
12-2 TRANSISTORS AND IN'rEGRATED CIRCUITS12-2.1 High-frequtncy .limitations12-2.2 Microwave transistors ~d integrated circuits
12-2.3 Microwave integrated c~rcuits12-2.4 Performance and apptications of microwave transistors
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CONTENTS xi
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12-3 VARACTOR AND STEP-RECOVERY DIODES AND MULTIPLIERS12-3.1 Varaclor diodes12-3.2 Step-recovery diodes12-3.3 Frequency multipliers
12-4 PARAMETRIC AMPLIFIERS12-4.1 Basic principles12-4.2 Amplifier circuits
12-5 TUNNEL DIODES AND NEGATIVE-RESISTANCE AMPLIFIERS12-5.1 Principles of tunnel diodes12-5.2 Negative-resistance amplifiers12-5.3 Tunnel-diode applications
12-6 GUNN EFFECT AND. DIODES12~6.1 Gunn effect12-6.2 Gunn diodes and applications
12- 7 AVALANCHE EFFECTS AND DIODES12-7.1 IMPATT diodes12-7.2 TRAPATT diodes12-7.3 Performance and applications of avalanche diodes
12-8 OTHER MICROWAVE DIODES12-8.1 PIN diodes12-8.2 Schottky-barrier diode12-8.3 Backward diodes
12-9 STIMULATED-EMISSION (QUANTUM-MECHANICAL) ANDASSOCIATED DEVICES12-9.1 Fundamentals of masers12-9.2 Practical masers and their applications12-9.3 Fundamentals of lasers12-9.4 CW lasers and their communications applications12-9.5 Other optoelectronic devices
13 PULSE COMMUNICATIONS 484
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13-1 INFORMATION THEORY13-1.1 Information in a communications system13-1.2 Coding13-1.3 Noise in an information-carrying channel
13-2 PULSE MODULATION13-2.1 Introduction-Types13-2.2 Pulse-width modulation13-4.3 Pulse-position modulation (PPM)13-2.4 Pulse-code modulation (PCM)
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13-3 PULSE SYSTEMS13-3.1 Telegraphy (and Telex)13-3.2 Telemetry
14 DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS 516
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14-1 DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY14-1.1 Digital fundamentals14-1.2 The binary number system14-1.3 Digital electronics
14-2 FUNDAMENTALS OF BATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS14-2.1 The emergence of data communications systems14- 2.2 Characteristics of data transmission circuits14-2.3 Digital codes14-2.4 Error detection and correction
14-3 DATA SETS AND INTERCONNECTION REQUIREMENTS14-3.1 Modem classification14-3.2 Modem interfacing14- 3.3 Interconnection of data circuits to telephone loops
14-4 NETWORK AND CONTROL CONSIDERATIONS14-4.1 Network organizations14-4.2 Switching systems14-4.3 Network protocols
14-5 SUMMARY
15 BROADBAND COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS 562
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15-1 MULTIPLEXING15-1.1 Frequency-division multiplex15-1.2 Time-division multiplex
15-2 SHORT- AND MEDIUM-HAUL SYSTEMS15-2.1 Coaxial cables15-2.2 Fiber optic links15-2.3 Microwave links15-2.4 Tropospheric scatter links
15-3 LONG-HAUL SYSTEMS15-3.1 Submarine cables15-3.2 Satellite communications
15-4 ELEMENTS OF LONG-DISTANCE TELEPHONY15-4.1 Routing codes and signaling systems15-4.2 Telephone exchanges (switches) and routing15-4.3 Miscellaneous practical aspects15-4.4 Introduction to traffic engineering
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CONTENTS xiii
16 RADAR SYSTEMS 600
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16-1 BASIC PRINCIPLES16-1.1 Fundamentals16-1.2 Radar performance factors
16-2 PULSED SYSTEMS16-2.1 Basic pulsed radar system16-2.2 Antennas and scanning16-2.3 Display methods16-2.4 Pulsed radar systems16-2.5 Moving-target indication (MTI)16-2.6 Radar beacons
\16-3 OTHER RADAR SYSTEMS
16-3.1 CW Doppler radar16-3.2 Frequency-modulated CW radar16-3.3 Phased array radars16-3.4 Planar array radars
17 TELEVISION FUNDAMENTALS 648
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17-1 REQUIREMENTS AND STANDARDS17-1.1 Introduction to television17-1.2 Television systems and standards
17-2 BLACK-AND-WHITE TRANSMISSION17-2.1 Fundamentals17-2.2 Beam Scanning17-2.3 Blanking and synchronizing pulses
17-3 BLACK-AND-WHITE RECEPTION17-3.1 Fundamentals17-3.2 Common, video and sound circuits17-3.3 Synchronizing circuits17-3.4 Vertical deflection circuits17- 3.5 Horizontal deflection circuits
17 -4 COLOR TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION17 -4.1 Introduction17-4.2 Color transmission17-4.3 Color reception
18 INTRODUCTION TO FIBER OPTIC TECHNOLOGY 701
18-1 HISTORY OF FIBER OPTICS
1 R.;2 WHY FTRF.R nPTTrS?
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18-3 INTRODUCTION TO LIGHT18-3.1 Reflection and Refraction18-3.2 Dispersion, Diffraction, Absorption, and Scattering
18-4 THE OPTICAL FIBER AND FIBER CABLES18-4.1 Fiber Characteristics and Classification18-4.2 Fiber Losses
18-5 FIBER OPTIC COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS18-5.1 The Source18-5.2 Noise18-5.3 Response Time18-5.4 The Optical Link\18-5.5 Light Wave18-5.6 The System
18-6 INSTALLATION, TESTING, AND REPAIR18-6.1 Splices18-6.2 Fiber Optic Testing18-6.3 Power Budgeting18-6.4 Passive Components18-6.5 Receivers
18-7 SUMMARY
APPENDIX: LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 741
INDEX 745
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