Principles of Organic and Biochemistry

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Principles of Principles of Organic and BiochemistryOrganic and Biochemistry

Ellen J. Wilson, RPh, PhDEllen J. Wilson, RPh, PhDCollege of Southern MarylandCollege of Southern Maryland

Friedrick WFriedrick WÖÖhler is the “father” hler is the “father” of organic chemistryof organic chemistry

What is Organic Chemistry?What is Organic Chemistry?

carboncarbonoxygenoxygen

hydrogenhydrogennitrogennitrogen

phosphorusphosphorussulfursulfur

halogenshalogens

Topics in CHE1230Topics in CHE1230HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

Compounds that contain mostly carbon Compounds that contain mostly carbon and hydrogenand hydrogen

Also called Also called alkanesalkanes MethaneMethane CHCH44

EthaneEthane CHCH33CHCH33

PropanePropane CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33

Are called Are called saturatedsaturated alkanes alkanes

Look Back to CHE1200Look Back to CHE1200

SaturatedSaturated Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons

Some alkanes are cyclic—Some alkanes are cyclic—cycloalkanescycloalkanes

CyclopropaneCyclopropane CC33HH66

CylcobutaneCylcobutane CC44HH88

CyclopentaneCyclopentane CC55HH1010

CyclohexaneCyclohexane CC66HH1212

CycloalkanesCycloalkanes

Another View of CycloalkanesAnother View of Cycloalkanes

Some alkanes are Some alkanes are substitutedsubstituted Can have other hydrocarbon groups or Can have other hydrocarbon groups or

halogens on them in place of hydrogenhalogens on them in place of hydrogen

Some hydrocarbons are Some hydrocarbons are unsaturatedunsaturated Have Have double bonds double bonds or or triple bonds triple bonds in place of in place of

hydrogen in some placeshydrogen in some places

Look Back to CHE1200Look Back to CHE1200

REMEMBER---REMEMBER--- Carbon satisfies the octet rule by forming Carbon satisfies the octet rule by forming

4 bonds4 bonds Hydrogen satisfies the duet rule by formingHydrogen satisfies the duet rule by forming

1 bond1 bond

EthaneEthane EtheneEthene EthyneEthyneCHCH33CHCH33 CHCH22CHCH22 CHCHCHCH

alkanealkane alkenealkene alkynealkyne

Unsaturated HydrocarbonsUnsaturated Hydrocarbons

Unsaturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons can also be can also be substitutedsubstituted

There is a special class of hydrocarbons There is a special class of hydrocarbons called called aromaticaromatic hydrocarbons hydrocarbons They are They are cycliccyclic and and unsaturatedunsaturated

BenzeneBenzene is an example is an example CC66HH66

Aromatic HydrocarbonsAromatic Hydrocarbons

Topics in CHE1230Topics in CHE1230Oxygen-Containing CompoundsOxygen-Containing Compounds

AlcoholsAlcohols contain hydrocarbons contain hydrocarbons plus an OH (hydroxyl) groupplus an OH (hydroxyl) group

PhenolsPhenols contain a benzene contain a benzene ring plus an OH groupring plus an OH group

ThiolsThiols contain an SH (sulfhydryl) group contain an SH (sulfhydryl) group in place of the OH (hydroxyl) groupin place of the OH (hydroxyl) group

EthersEthers contain a hydrocarbon group contain a hydrocarbon group on either side of an oxygenon either side of an oxygen

AldehydesAldehydes and and ketonesketones contain contain carbon double bonded to oxygencarbon double bonded to oxygen

Carboxylic acids Carboxylic acids contain carbon doublecontain carbon doublebonded to oxygen with an OH (hydroxyl)bonded to oxygen with an OH (hydroxyl)

group in place of one hydrogengroup in place of one hydrogen

Topics in CHE1230Topics in CHE1230CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

What are carbohydrates?What are carbohydrates? SugarsSugars Specialized oxygen-containing compoundsSpecialized oxygen-containing compounds

Can beCan be MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides (simple sugars) (simple sugars) DisaccharidesDisaccharides PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides (starch) (starch)

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Topics in CHE1230Topics in CHE1230Amines and AmidesAmines and Amides

Compounds that contain nitrogenCompounds that contain nitrogen AminesAmines can be primary, secondary, or can be primary, secondary, or

tertiarytertiary

Topics in CHE1230Topics in CHE1230Amines and AmidesAmines and Amides

AmidesAmides contain carbon double bonded to contain carbon double bonded to oxygen plus an NH groupoxygen plus an NH group

Topics in CHE1230Topics in CHE1230LipidsLipids

What are What are lipidslipids?? FATS!!!!!FATS!!!!! Another type of oxygen-containing moleculeAnother type of oxygen-containing molecule A combination of long hydrocarbon and a A combination of long hydrocarbon and a

carboxylic acidcarboxylic acid Fats can be Fats can be saturatedsaturated or or unsaturatedunsaturated

Saturated and Unsaturated Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty AcidsFatty Acids

What is Biochemistry?What is Biochemistry?

BiochemistryBiochemistry is the application of chemistry is the application of chemistry—both organic and inorganic——both organic and inorganic—

to living organismsto living organisms

Topics in CHE1230Topics in CHE1230ProteinsProteins

The nitrogen-containing compounds in The nitrogen-containing compounds in your body are proteinsyour body are proteins They are very large moleculesThey are very large molecules They are made of specialized molecules They are made of specialized molecules

called amino acidscalled amino acids

Enzymes are specialized proteinsEnzymes are specialized proteins

Topics in CHE1230Topics in CHE1230Molecular GeneticsMolecular Genetics

DNADNA RNARNA

Topics in CHE1230Topics in CHE1230MetabolismMetabolism

What happens to the foods you eat?What happens to the foods you eat? Carbohydrate metabolismCarbohydrate metabolism

GlycolysisGlycolysis Citric acid cycleCitric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation and and electronelectron

transporttransport

What happens to the foods you eat?What happens to the foods you eat? Lipid metabolismLipid metabolism

B-oxidationB-oxidation Talk about how carbohydrate and lipid Talk about how carbohydrate and lipid

metabolism are linkedmetabolism are linked

Talk about the role that Talk about the role that insulininsulin plays in plays in both of themboth of them

Talk about Talk about American dietsAmerican diets

Include Include protein metabolism protein metabolism as wellas well

In Lab Today You Will Look at Various Properties of Hydrocarbons:

Addition reactions with bromine

Unsubstituted compound to a substituted compound

Oxidation reactions Hydrocarbon to an

alcohol

In Lab Today: Flammability of

hydrocarbons Burn cleanly

= alkane Burns a little smoky

= alkene Burn very smoky

= aromatic

In Lab Today: Boiling Point

Determination From CHE1200

What determines boiling point?

What kind of compounds have high boiling points?

Low boiling points?

Principles of Organic and Biochemistry

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