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SURFACE WASHING AGENTS:PRODUCT EVALUATIONS, CASE
HISTORIES, AND GUIDELINES MARINE AND FRESHWATER HABITATS
Jacqueline MichelResearch Planning, Inc.
To assist in determining when and how to use SWAs:
• mechanism of action• when to use• authority required for use• general application requirements• health and safety issues• limiting factors• environmental concerns
To select the most appropriate products:To select the most appropriate products:• comparisons of key characteristics of each
listed product
To learn from the experiences of others:To learn from the experiences of others:• case histories of use
So others may learn:So others may learn:• suggested monitoring plans and strategies
for operational use of SWAs
WHAT ARESURFACE WASHING AGENTS?
• Oil spill treating agents designed to enhance oil removal from substrates
HOW DO THEY WORK?• They contain surfactants, solvents, and/or other
additives that soften and lift oil off the surface
THERE ARE TWO BASIC TYPES
1.1. Lift and DisperseLift and Disperse
• Industrial cleaners that emulsify the oil (like dishwashing soaps)
• Key descriptors: oil is dispersed, emulsified, or encapsulated
• The oil is not recoverable, so effluent must be contained, recovered, and properly treated
TWO BASIC TYPES, cont.
2.2. Lift and FloatLift and Float
• Specially formulated cleaners that dissolve or lift the oil without dispersing it
• The oil forms surface slicks that can be recovered
RRT APPROVAL REQUIRED?
YES:YES:• use in any manner which would cause for them
to be released to the environment.
NO:NO:• hand wiping down of oil on boats• cleaning of boom in containment areas• where all of the effluents are recovered for
proper disposal.
LIMITING FACTORS / ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS
• No flushing across sensitive substrates
• For soft substrates, "wash to water"
• Products must be shown safe for vegetation prior to use
LIMITING FACTORS / ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS
• No wash water from land to enter water bodies without proper treatment
• Use lift and float products on shorelines, to allow oil recovery–except in high energy environments where the oil can not be recovered
Product Inlandsilversides
96h
Mysidshrimp 48h
Aquaclean 70.7 32.7Biosolve 6.4 3.6CN-100 52,200 12,300
Corexit 7664 87 584Corexity 9580 87 32
CytoSol 738 124Nature's WayHS Cleaner
152 193
TOXICITY of SELECTED PRODUCTS (mg/L)
Product Inlandsilversides
96h
Mysidshrimp 48h
PES-51 100 54Petro-Clean 100 110Petro-Green
ADP-71.1 11
Petrotech 25 601 350Premier 99 566 95
PX-700 380 297Simple Green 28 78
SplitDecisions
8.2 8.3
Topsall #30 157 116
T/B MORRIS J. BERMAN SPILL, PUERTO RICO, JANUARY 1994
Substrate Cleaned:Substrate Cleaned: beachrock and riprap
Oil Type:Oil Type: No. 6 fuel oil
Agent Used:Agent Used: Corexit 9580, Corexit 7664,
PES-51
T/B MORRIS J. BERMAN SPILL, PUERTO RICO, JANUARY 1994
Results:Results: Used on beachrock
Lessons Learned:Lessons Learned:• Corexit 9580 treated oil initially disperses• PES-51 needed a repeat application
JULIE N SPILL, PORTLAND ME, SEPTEMBER 1996
Substrate Cleaned:Substrate Cleaned: salt marsh
Oil Type:Oil Type: IFO-180
Agent Used:Agent Used: Corexit 9580
Results:Results: Further use not recommended
JULIE N SPILL, PORTLAND ME, SEPTEMBER 1996
Lessons Learned:Lessons Learned:
• Only effective where product is directly sprayed on oil
• One application = 50% removal• Treated oil dispersed in the wash water and
moved with tidal flow• Operations window very limited if need to
"wash to water"
SAN JOAQUIN RIVER, TX, 1994
Substrate Cleaned:Substrate Cleaned: Riprap
Oil Type:Oil Type: Crude oil
Agent Used:Agent Used: Corexit 9580
Results:Results: Effective
Lessons Learned:Lessons Learned:None reported
SMALL DIESEL SPILL, PA, 1999
Substrate Cleaned:Substrate Cleaned: Parking lot
Oil Type:Oil Type: Diesel
Agent Used:Agent Used: Biosolve
Results:Results: Treated oil and product washed down storm drain; fish kill for 3 mi downstream
Lessons Learned:Lessons Learned:
All washwaters must be contained
SLEEPY BAY, PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND, AK, JULY 1997
Substrate Cleaned:Substrate Cleaned: Gravel beach with subsurface oil
Oil Type:Oil Type: Weathered (8 year old), emulsified crude oil
Agent Used:Agent Used: PES-51
SLEEPY BAY, PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND, AK, JULY 1997
Results:Results: Product injected with air knives, water flush released oil; recovery by skimmer/ sorbent. Extensive studies showed short-term oil/product uptake by mussels in immediate area. No long-term impacts.
Lessons Learned:Lessons Learned:PES-51 effective in removing subsurface oil
M/V GENMAR HECTOR, TEXAS CITY, TX, MARCH 2001
Substrate Cleaned:Substrate Cleaned: Vessels
Oil Type:Oil Type: Kuwait crude oil
Agent Used:Agent Used: PES-51
BARGE BOUCHARD 120BUZZARDS BAY, April 2003
Substrate Cleaned:Substrate Cleaned: Cobbles
Oil Type:Oil Type: Heavy fuel oil (API = 7.7)
Agent Tested:Agent Tested: PES-51, Corexit 9580A, Cytosol
TORO CREEK SPILL, CA, JULY 1997
Substrate Cleaned:Substrate Cleaned: Streambank vegetation
Oil Type:Oil Type: Crude oil
Agent Used:Agent Used: CytoSol
Results:Results: Product increased oil release over water alone.
Lessons Learned:Lessons Learned:No increase in plant mortality noted
ST. MARYS RIVER MYSTERY SPILL, NOVEMBER 2000
Substrate Cleaned:Substrate Cleaned: Bricks, concrete, misc. rocks, limestone pebbles
Oil Type:Oil Type: Weathered heavy fuel oil
Agent Used:Agent Used: Corexit 9580
Results:Results: Inconclusive; did not use further
ST. MARYS RIVER MYSTERY SPILL, NOVEMBER 2000
Lessons Learned:Lessons Learned:• Rain reduced effectiveness
• Only effective where product is directly sprayed on oil
• Under windy conditions, reduce soak time to prevent evaporation
• Less effective on porous substrates (e.g., limestone)
• Key indicator of effectiveness: brown wash water
• Dispersed oil refloated in quiet water (in ~8 minutes)
SURFACE WASHING AGENTSSummary
SWAs can improve oil spill cleanups• Must be properly used• Many products are not suitable for use on
natural substrates• Many products are not suitable for release
to water bodies• Evaluate each product – wide variability in
effectiveness and effects
SURFACE WASHING AGENTSPractical Issues
• Requires LOTS of logistics• Spraying systems, additional PPE• Flushing and containment systems
• Seldom actually used• They are a specialty response tool, most
applicable to small, special problem areas