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NATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR IMPLEMENTATION
OF REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES IN EGYPT,
CASE-STUDY
Prof. Nadia HELALHead of Radiation Safety Department,
Egyptian Nuclear& Radiological Regulatory Authority
Technical Meeting on Remediation Techniques and Strategies in
Post-Accident Situations, 13-17 June 2016, IAEA, Vienna
Contents
• Egyptian Nuclear& Radiation Infrastructure
• Egyptian Nuclear& Radiation Law no. (7) of 2010
• Egyptian Nuclear& Radiological Regulatory Authority
(ENRRA):
• Mission
• policy
• Structure
Background
• For more than 58 years, Egypt has benefited from the
peaceful applications of atomic energy:
• Nuclear and radiation facilities.
• Research and development activities.
• Radiation applications and uses of radioactive sources.
Nuclear Facilities
• First Research Reactor ETRR-1 (2 MW)
• Second Research Reactor ETRR-2 (22 MW)
• Nuclear Fuel Manufacturing Pilot Plant FMPP
• Nuclear Fuel Research and Development Laboratory
• Molybdenum Production Unit
• Hydrometallurgy Pilot Unit
• Nuclear Chemistry Building
• Locations Outside Facilities (LOF)
Currently;
Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA) owns and operate
all nuclear facilities in Egypt
Radiation Facilities & Radioactive Sources
• Two Gamma Irradiators (one in operation up to 1,000,000 Ci60Co & one in commissioning phase; designed for 2,000,000 Ci60Co)
• Radioactive Sources (different applications)
• Treatment of cancers,
• Industrial uses,
• Oil & Gas exploration and development
Currently, over 6000 known radioactive sources are used in
Egypt.
EGYPTIAN
NUCLEAR& RADIATION LAW
NO. (7) OF 2010
Egyptian Nuclear & Radiation Law
• The Egyptian Nuclear and radiation Law no. 7 of 2010 was
promulgated on March 29th, 2010. The Law covering safety,
security, safeguards, emergency and liability for the whole
peaceful applications of atomic energy.
• The law stipulates that all nuclear and radiation facilities,
practices and activities in the Arab Republic of Egypt shall
exclusively be restricted to peaceful purposes.
• The executive regulation of the law issued in 2011.
Egyptian Nuclear & Radiological Regulatory
Authority (ENRRA)
• Mission
• Policy
• Structure
ENRRA
The Law no. 7 of 2010 established an independent
body known as “Egyptian Nuclear & Radiological
Regulatory Authority (ENRRA)”, having a public
juridical personality, reporting to the Prime Minister,
having an independent budget and centrally located in
Cairo.
Mission
Article (12) of the law states that: “the authority shall carry out
all regulatory and control works related to the nuclear or
radiation activities using the atomic energy for the peaceful
purposes, to ensure the security and safety of human,
property and environment from the risks of exposure to
ionizing radiation”.
ENRRA policy
• ENRRA’s main target is protecting individuals, property, and
the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation.
• Relying on national legislation, international standards and
expertise, national and international best practices in
implementing its duties.
•Working on the implementation of corrective measures against
violation
Structure
ENRRA(Chairman of
the Board)
Central Nuclear and
Radiological
Emergency
Chamber
National Network
for Radiological
Monitoring
Supreme
Committee for
Nuclear &
Radiological
Emergency
Research &
Development
Activities
(Internal TSO)
Nuclear
Facilities
Safety Sector
Nuclear
Safeguards &
Nuclear Security
Sector
Radiation
Sources &
Facilities Safety
Sector
ENRRA(Vice
Chairman)
Central
Laboratories
Supreme Committee for
Nuclear& Radiological Emergency
Arrangements in Response to Emergency preparedness and
Response at the National Level
• Establishing a Supreme Committee for Nuclear and Radiological
(N/R) Emergency
• Works under the supervision of the chairman of the Egyptian
Nuclear& Regulatory Authority, (ENRRA)
• Has a clear responsibilities for issuing the national emergency plan
and ensure the existing of national capabilities in respect to N/R
emergency.
Emergency Control Center (ECC)
Intervention Teams of ECC in Response to N/R Accident
Radiation Monitoring and
Survey Team
Radiation Monitoring and
Survey Team
Measurements and Samples
Collection Team
Quality assurance and
Management Team
Evaluation & Lessons Learned
Team
Medical Team
Decontamination Team
Radiation Sources
Recovery Team
Public Announcement
Radiation Incidents and Follow-up Actions
Meet-Halfa Radiation Accident
• In 1998, due to bad practice and human error, Ir-192
capsule was lost near the pipe at the examination site.
• It was found one month later inside the house of farmer
living in Meet Halfa village (few kilometers from Cairo rail-
way station).
• The competent authorities were not informed of the lost
capsule and the company did not report it missing.
• Two persons died before the capsule was found.
The source was transported to the hot cell of EAEA
Hot Laboratory Center to identify its serial number.
Hence the owner of the source was identified. The rest of
the farmer family were under treatment for several months
and they are now living in good health in the village.
The case was on trial and the staffs are in jail.
Among the lessons learned from this accident:
It was found that radiation sources were
exchanged without notification of the competent
authorities.
The technical committee for ionizing radiation proposed a
draft of recommendations to secure and control of radiation
sources in use for industrial radiography.
The draft of recommendations was approved and it was
issued as the ministry of health order no 204 (2000) .
Recommendations were made for license, sources, storage
facilities and radiation protection expert duties.
Assistant radiographer training and license–notification at
ports and punishments.
In 1998
• EAEA was informed through IAEA that a Cs-137 source was found within a waste cargo in Amsterdam port.
• That waste was imported from Alexandria, Egypt. The source was unshielded and its activity was 1 mCi.
•
• EAEA reported to the ministry of health (the relevant competent authority for sealed sources).
Investigation leads to the company who issued un-
authorized certificate that the waste does not contain
radioactive materials
The company was terminated as well the user
license.
In 2002In 2002
• During 2002 two incidents were reported.
• The first incident was a container recognized by
an EAEA technician due to the presence of the
ionizing radiation sign.
• The technician had completed radiation protection
course recently.
The container was reported in a waste store in
Cairo ready for sale. All the relevant information was
written in English.
It was a shielded container where Am-Be neutron
source (yield =105 ns -1) was in use for moisture
measurements.
That source was imported to Egypt through the official
channels in 1975.
It was in use for research purposes for years.
It was recovered by EAEA and it was in the EAEA
radioactive waste storage facility.
• In 2002• A second incident has taken place where an Industrial gamma
camera has been stolen from factory car located in residential
area of Cairo.
• The owner of the camera and the radiation protection expert
have reported it to the competent authorities next day.
• Three thieves have stolen the camera and tried to open it, they
sold it to waste company where it kept for few days.
• The camera was returned to the house of one of the thieves,
where his wife and children were in the house.
Then the thief dropped it in Ismalia canal.
After proper searching the camera was found by the diver and it
was surveyed and secured in transport container and kept
under the supervision of the competent authority.
The company technical staff are still under trial.
Members of the public involved in this incident were
1-Three thieves
2-Four workers at the waste facility
3-A housewife and 2 children.
LESSONS LEARNEDLESSONS LEARNED
which govern the national law The need for
handling of radiation sources and facilities
was recognized, which lead to the issue
of Egyptian nuclear and radiation safety law
No 7, 2010
• ENRRA has carried out a complete and intensive review
of safety guidelines and regulatory requirements with the
aim of formulating a set of new regulations to protect
people and the environment.
• Experiences were gained for strengthening the internal
capability to emergency response and disseminating the
concept of information to avoid hazard consequences of
any radiological accident.
Strengthening and Improving the Practical Capabilities of
the N/R-EC on both National and International Levels by
Participating in IAEA International Drills
e.g. :Convex 2b& Convex 3.
The regulatory authorities should perform an investigation to
determine the causes, contributing factor, lessons learned,
recommendations in order to prevent the occurrence of
such events.