Protein Synthesis ReviewMagnolia High School2015

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What is the name of this structure?

Nucleotides

What three things make up a nucleotide?

- sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base

This is the structural component of what structure?

DNA

What are the four nitrogenous bases that make up DNA?

1.Adenine2.Thymine3.Guanine4.Cytosine

Which 2 bases are Purines and which are Pyrimidines? • Purine

• “Pure AG”• Adenine and Guanine

• Two rings

• Pyrimidines• Cytosine and Thymine

• Single ring

How do the Nitrogen Bases Pair up?

Base pairing Rules

DNA• Adenine -- ?• Guanine -- ?

RNA• Adenine -- ?• Guanine -- ?

ThymineCytosine

UracilCytosine

What makes up the backbone of DNA?

Phosphate and

Sugar (deoxyribose)

What is unique about DNA’s shape?• Double helix• Discovered by Watson and Crick

Where is DNA Found in Eukaryotic cells?

Nucleus

If one strand of DNA has the base sequence of AGGTTCGAC, what will the base sequence of the complimentary strand have?

AGGTTCGACT CCCAAG TG

Three types of RNA and function

mRNA – messenger (codons)“blue print of genetic code”

tRNA – transfer (anticodons)

Three types of RNA and function

Three types of RNA and function

rRNA -- ribosomal

Label this type of RNA

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Label this type of RNA

tRNA – transfer

Label this type of RNA

rRNA -- ribosomal

List the Similarities between…DNA & RNA

• Made of nucleotides

• Have four bases• Carry genetic material

• Made of nucleotides

• Have four bases• Carry genetic material

DNA RNA

Differences between…DNA & RNA

1. Deoxyribose Sugar

2. 2 strands

3. Thymine

4. Remains in nucleus

1. Ribose Sugar

2. 1 strand

3. Uracil

4. Can leave nucelus

How many codons are needed to specify 3 amino acids?

3

How many bases are needed to specify 3 amino acids?

3x3 = 9

DNA Contains What Sugar?

Deoxyribose

RNA Contains What Sugar?

Ribose

What is the process called when DNA is copied?

Replication

What is the process called when DNA is copied?

Replication

What is important about the strands?

They are complimentary

What does the figure below show?

Amino Acids

What amino acids are in GUAUUCCGG?

ValinePhenyl-alanineArginin

e

If given the mRNA code GUAUUCCGG, what are the anti-codons?

GUA UUC CGGGAC U AA GCC

Why is it possible that many codons can code for one amino acid?

There are 64 combinations and 20 amino acids

What is a gene?

Set of instructions for making a protein.

What is the process below called?

Translation

Where does it take place?

Ribosome

What are the different point mutations?

Substitutions

Why do some mutations cause greater changes in proteins than others?

Some amino acids that have more than one codon coding for them

•Transcription• DNA is transcribed into mRNA

• Takes place in the nucleus

• Only a single strand

What are the steps by which proteins are coded and synthesized?

DNA RNA Protein

An ______________ is a unit made up of three nucleotides that correspond to the three bases of the codon on the mRNA.

anticodon

The pair of nitrogenous bases, consisting of a purine linked by hydrogen bonds to a pyrimidine, that connects the complementary strands of DNA

Base Pairing

A relaxed form of DNA in the nucleus of a cell.

Chromatin

Three-base code in DNA or RNA

Codon

___________________is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms.

DNA

___________________is an enzyme that catalyzes synthesis of new DNA molecules.

DNA Polymerase

___________________is a genetic mutation caused by (insertions or deletions) of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three.

Frameshift Mutation

They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and play a role in gene regulation.

Histone

It is a type of RNA that carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.

Messenger RNA

Permanent change in a cells DNA.

Mutation

Cell division in which the sister chromatids do not separate correctly resulting in abnormal amounts of chromosomes.

Nondisjunction

A Mutation in DNA or RNA molecule involving a change of only one nucleotide base. 

Point Mutation

Is the gene segment that serves as the initiation site where RNA polymerase binds to and initiates the transcription of certain genes. 

Promoter

A type of RNA that associates with proteins to form ribosomes.

Ribosomal RNA

The process of duplicating or producing an exact copy of a polynucleotide strand such as DNA.

Replication

The process of duplicating or producing an exact copy of a polynucleotide strand such as DNA.

RNA

Enzyme that regulates RNA Synthesis

RNA Polymerase

Process in which mRNA is synthesized from the template DNA strand.

Transcription

Type of RNA that transports amino acids to the ribosome.

Transfer RNA

Process in which mRNA attaches to the ribosome and a protein in assembled.

Translation

A chromosomal segment is moved from one position to another, either within the same chromosome or to anotherchromosome.

Translocation