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INT J CURR SCI 2014, 12: E 57-71
RESEARCH ARTICLE ISSN 2250-1770
Proximate composition, nutraceutical constituents and fatty acid profile on GCMS
of seaweeds collected from Balk Bay (Thondi), India
Arunkumar K*, A. Palanivelu and A. Darsis
Post Graduate and Research Department of Botany, Alagappa Government Arts College
Karaikuadi-630 003, India
*Corresponding author: arunnir@yahoo.co.in; Mobile: +91-9865051016
Abstract
The proximate compositions such as dry weight, ash content, total chlorophyll, accessory pigments (phycocyanin,
allophycocyanin and phycoerythrin) and total lipids from fresh seaweeds; total carbohydrate, total protein, total amino acids,
total phenol, WRC and sulphate content in crude carbohydrate of 16 red and 7 green seaweeds and GC-MS profile of fatty
acids of red Gracilaria corticata var. corticata, G. verrucosa, Acanthophora spicifera and green Chaetomorpha linum were
recorded, in the present study. Seaweeds such as red Gracilaria verrucosa, G. edulis, Hypnea musciformis, H. valentiae,
Grateloupia filicina; and green seaweeds Ulva lactuca and Chaetomorpha linum are promising not only for traditional cell
wall polysaccharides extraction but also as a source of specific nutraceutical values like dietary fiber, pigments,
carbohydrates, protein and amino acids supplements in the food and fodder. Specifically seaweeds such as Gracilaria
verrucosa, G. corticata var. corticata, Acanthophora spicifera and green seaweed Chaetomorpha linum can be utilized not
only as source of nutraceutical supplements but also for fatty acids as well as bioactive compounds.
Keywords: Thondi, seaweeds, nutraceuticals, proximate compositions, crude carbohydrate
Received: 17thMay; Revised: 04thJune; Accepted: 28thJuly; © IJCS New Liberty Group 2014
Introduction
The per capita availability of land declined from 0.89
hectare in 1951 to 0.37 hectare in 1991 and is projected to
slide down to 0.20 hectare in 2035
(www.worldfoodscience.org). This decline is mostly on
account of rising population. To meet this demand,
utilization of ocean and its resources is a suitable alternate.
As a developing country, Indian stretches about 7500 km
of coastal lines supported with 844 species of seaweeds
(Oza and Zaidi, 2001) found growing along the intertidal
and sub-tidal coastal waters (Kaliaperumal et al., 1998).
The principal uses of seaweeds are sources for
phycocolloids, fodder, fertilizer and direct use in human
diet (Abbott, 1996). Europeans and Americans are using
processed seaweeds as additives in their food preparation
(Sophie, 1998). About 600 species of seaweeds are used as
food in various parts of the world especially in Japan,
China, Korea, Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand
etc. Seaweeds considered as low cost but rich of
carbohydrate, protein and lipid with appreciable amount of
certain important essential amino acids, fatty acids,
minerals and all vitamins required for human and animals
consumption (Qasim, 1991; Fleming et al.,1996; Norziah
and Ching, 2000). According to Chapman (1980), 100 g
seaweed provides more than the daily requirement of
Vitamin A, B1 and B12 and two thirds of Vitamin C. They
are also containing carotene, tocopherols and long-chain
polyunsaturated essential fatty acids (Khotimchenko et al.,
Arunkumar et al., 2014
www.currentsciencejournal.info
2002). Lipids are the major source of metabolic energy and
essential for the formation of cell and tissue membranes
(Pazos et al.,1997) that exhibit bioactivities against
pathogens causing diseases in animals and plants
(Arunkumar et al., 2005; Agoramoorthy et al., 2007).
Seaweed lipids may be utilized for specific nutritional
supplements (Heiba, 2005) especially as a source of
physiologically active polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)
since they are not synthesized by animals, have to be taken
up from diets (Usmanghani and Shameel, 1996). Analysis
of individual fatty acids in Indian seaweeds is limited
(Venkatesalu et al., 2003a, b; Venkatesalu et al., 2004;
Ananatharaj et al., 2004). Even though studies on
proximate compositions of seaweeds found around the
world (Fujiwara-Arasaki et al., 1984; Watanabe and
Nisizawa, 1984; Ito and Hori, 1989; Chan, 1997; Norziah
and Ching, 2000) as well as India (Parekh et al., 1977;
Devi et al., 2008; Manivannan et al., 2009) were made,
nutritional values of water extractable crude carbohydrates
of seaweeds are not made since sulphated polysaccharides
of seaweeds are water soluble proved displaying various
biological activities. Besides, to ensure the nutritional
potential, the seaweeds should contain adequate amount of
biochemical constituents in their water soluble extracts. To
keep this view in mind, in the present investigation,
proximate composition of fresh specimens as well as water
soluble crude extracts of seaweeds occurring along the
coast of Thondi (Palk Pay) India were recorded in order to
realize them for nutraceuticals.
Materials and Methods
Thondi is located (Lat: 90 44’ 10” N and Long: 790
00’ 45” E Palk Bay) in the heart of Palk Strait (Palk Bay)
in Ramanathapuram District of Tamil Nadu, India known
for historical minor port right of early Pandiya’s kings.
This coastal shore naturally of shallow waters contain
loose mud and sand which habour quite number of diverse
seaweeds belonging to Rhodophyceae, Phaeophyceae and
Chlorophyceae (Darsis and Arunkumar, 2008).
Methods of analyses of Proximate compositions
Fresh, matured and healthy sample weighing 1 kg of
each seaweed (16 red and 7 green) found along the coast of
Thondi was collected during monsoon season (November)
in the year 2008 in spring tide. They were washed
thoroughly in seawater followed by tap water to remove
the epiphytes and other extraneous materials and brought
to laboratory and stored at 00C for studies biochemical
studies. Dry weight, ash content (Lamare and Wing, 2001),
total chlorophyll( Jeffrey and Hymphrey, 1975), accessory
pigments (phycocyanin, allophycocyanin and
phycoerythrin) (Bennett and Bogorad,1973) and total lipids
(Roughan and Bratt, 1968) were estimated from the frozen
samples whereas total carbohydrate (Dubois et al., 1956),
total protein (Lowry et al., 1951), total amino acids (Dave
and Chauhan, 1993), total phenol (Kuda et al., 2005), water
retention capacity (WRC) and sulphate (Verma et al.,
1977) were recorded from the crude carbohydrate of the
frozen samples.
Extraction of crude carbohydrate
Each seaweed weighing 500 g of the frozen samples
were soaked in 1500 ml of distilled water and heated up to
80°C for 30 mins under agitated condition. Then, the
mixture was filtered through the muslin cloth under warm
condition. The same procedure was repeated for three
times. The extracts were combined and kept at –10°C
under freeze drying by high vacuum dehydration. For
biochemical studies, analyses made from 4 samples in each
experiment and data were statistically analysed using the
SPSS 14.
Arunkumar et al., 2014
www.currentsciencejournal.info
Analysis of fatty acids through GC/MS
Lipid extraction (Roughan and Bratt, 1968)
Considering abundance and total lipids, each 10 g of
freeze dried specimens of seaweed such as Gracilaria
corticata var. corticata, G. verrucosa, Acanthophora
spicifera and Chaetomorpha linum were homogenized
using a mortar and pestle and soaked overnight in
methanol: chloroform: water (2:1:0.8 v/v/v).
Chloroform/water was added until separation of two
phases. The lower chloroform phase contain crude lipids
was collected and concentrated in rotary evaporation at 400
C and reconstituted in 10 ml chloroform.
Esterification
For saponification, Five 5 ml of crude total lipids of
each sample was treated with 5% KOH in methanol for 3 h
at 800C. The unsaponified lipid was washed in
hexane:chloroform (4:1 v/v, 3×2 ml). Then the aqueous
layer in the samples was acidified with 1.0 N HCl pH 2 and
methylated to produce their corresponding fatty acid
methyl esters using methanol :chloroform: HCl (10:1:1,
800C, 2 h). Products were then extracted into hexane:
chloroform (4:1, 3×2 ml) and reconstituted in hexane
stored at 00C.
GC-MS Programme
Column: Elite-1 (100% Dimethyl poly siloxane), 30
m x0.25 mm ID X 1µm df; Equipment: GC Clarus 500
Perkin Elmer; Carrier gas : Helium 1 ml/min Detector :
Mass detector-Turbo mass 5.1; Sample injected : 2 µl; Split
: 10:1; Oven Temperature programme: 110-2 min hold Up
to 200C at the rate of 10/min-No hold Up to 2800C at the
rate of 50/min-9 min hold Injector temp: 2500C; Total GC
time : 36 min; MS programme: Library used : NIST
Ver.2.0-Year 2005 Inlet line temperature: 2000C; Source
temperature: 2000C; Electron energy : 70 e V: Mass scan :
(m/Z) 45-450 MS Time : 36 min.
Results
The obtained proximate compositions such as dry
weight, ash content, total chlorophyll, accessory pigments
(phycocyanin, allophycocyanin and phycoerythrin) and
total lipids from fresh seaweeds; total carbohydrate, total
protein, total amino acids, total phenol, WRC and sulphate
from crude carbohydrate of 16 red and 7 green seaweeds
and fatty acid profile of red Gracilaria corticata var.
corticata, G. verrucosa, Acanthophora spicifera and green
Chaetomorpha linum made through GC/MS study are
presented. Dry weight (144.56±3.6 mgg-1 fresh wt.) and
ash content (39.6±4.6 mgg-1 fresh wt.) were recorded
significantly at maximum in coralline red alga, Jania
rubens among all the seaweeds investigated and the
observed differences in dry weight among agarophytes
Gracilaria corticata var. corticata and G. corticata var.
cylindrica; G. edulis and G. verrucosa did not significant.
High dry wt. of 138.2 ± 2.7 mgg-1 fresh wt. was registered
in G. corticata var. cylindrica among the agarophytes
whereas in carrageenophytes, Hypnea musciformis
(103.3±5.2 mgg -1 fresh wt.) was recorded high. For green
seaweeds, maximum dry wt. and ash content were recorded
in Ulva lactuca and Chaetomorpha linum, respectively but
differences did not show significant with other green
seaweeds. Total lipids (78.76±6.2 mgg-1 fresh wt.) was
recorded at maximum in green seaweed Chaetomorpha
linum among the collected samples whereas within red
seaweeds, a high of 67.23 ± 3.6 mgg-1 fresh wt. of total
lipids was recorded in G. verrucosa (Table 1).
Arunkumar et al., 2014
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Table 1. Dry weight, ash content and total lipids composition of seaweeds collected along the coast of Thondi, India
Seaweeds Dry wt.
(mg-1 g fresh wt.)
Ash content
(mg-1 g dry wt.)
Total lipids
(mg-1 g fresh wt.)
Red
Amphiroa fragilissima 130.3 ±4.5H 34.4±3.2E 36.85±3.6BC
Jania rubens 144.56±3.6K 39.6±4.6F 27.42±4.1A
Grateloupia filicina 121.7±6.8G 30.3±5.1D 40.29±2.7D
Gracilaria corticata var. corticata 133.4±4.7IJ 27.4±2.2C 53.87±3.0G
G. corticata var. cylindrica 138.2±2.7J 31.5±2.7D 50.75±7.9F
G. edulis 129.8±5.6H 29.7±1.7D 43.65±4.2E
G. canaliculata (=G. crassa) 114.6±3.8F 27.4±3.5C 51.43±4.7F
G. verrucosa 129.9±2.7H 37.9±2.6F 67.23±3.6H
G. foliifera 73.9±5.7C 28.2±8.1CD 34.50±5.2B
Hypnea flagelliformis 97.7±7.2DE 21.2±6.3B 41.33±3.1D
H.musciformis 103.3±5.2E 26.3±2.5C 40.21±4.2D
H. valentiae 93.3±3.1D 27.6±4.3C 37.56±7.4C
Champia parvula 60.7±5.2B 20.3±2.5B 44.21±3.1E
Centroceras clavulatum 41.8±7.1A 17.6±1.3AB 33.66±3.4B
Spiridia hypnoides 115.6±7.2F 18.1±3.2AB 41.93±4.8D
Acanthophora spicifera 110.6±7.7F 16.4±2.4A 55.33±5.1G
Green
Enteromorpha flexuosa 80.6±2.7D 14.6±2.5B 60.50±3.1C
E. intestinalis 85.9±8.3DE 13.7±6.4B 66.27±5.2D
Ulva lactuca 90.8±3.7F 17.3±2.9C 74.89±4.1F
Ulva reticulata 87.5±3.5EF 16.7±4.1C 73.62±4.1E
Chaetomorpha linum 67.8±3.9B 18.9±3.7C 78.76±6.2F
Caulerpa scalpeliformis 74.7±2.7C 10.7±2.9A 53.25±3.7B
Cladophora facicularis 42.2±5.7A 09.4±2.1A 37.41±2.7A
Mean values with different alphabets in each group of seaweeds in each column showed significant at P < 0.01
Generally total chlorophyll was higher in green seaweeds
than red seaweeds whereas accessory pigments observed
high in the latter. Amount of phycoerythrin was high
followed by allophycocyanin and phycocyanin among the
accessory pigments. Total chlorophyll was recorded at
maximum in green seaweed Ulva reticulata (1.89±0.64
mgg-1 fresh wt.) among all the specimens. The high amount
of phycocyanin was recorded in red seaweeds G. edulis
and G. verrucosa which exhibited insignificant difference
whereas the high amount of allophycocyanin (0.51±0.02
mgg-1 fresh wt.) and phycoerythrin (0.77±0.04 mgg-1 fresh
wt.) was recorded only in G. verrucosa among all the
seaweeds investigated (Table 2). The yield of crude
carbohydrate and total carbohydrate content were observed
more in red seaweeds than green seaweeds that is those
seaweeds with high constituent of commercial
polysaccharides showed high yield of crude carbohydrate
and total sugar. However, the crude carbohydrate yield was
recorded at maximum in red seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa
(of 57.7±1.7 % dry wt.) whereas total carbohydrate was
observed high in Gracilaria edulis (67.4±1.4% in crude
carbohydrate) among the collected samples. Observed
values of total protein content were mostly significant
among the red seaweeds and the high amount of total
protein (37.7±2.9% in crude carbohydrate) and total amino
acids (30.3±5.2% in crude carbohydrate) were recorded in
red seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa among all the seaweeds
investigated whereas in green seaweeds, Ulva lactuca was
recorded high which did not significant with
Chaetomorpha linum (Table 3).
Generally differences in the observed values of total
phenol content among the seaweeds investigated did not
Arunkumar et al., 2014
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Table 2. Total chlorophyll, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin and phycoerythrin of seaweeds collected from Thondi, India
Seaweeds Total chlorophyll
(mg-1 g fresh wt.)
Phycocyanin
(mg-1 g fresh wt.)
Allophycocyanin
(mg-1 g fresh wt.)
Phycoerythrin
(mg-1 g fresh wt.)
Red Amphiroa fragilissima 0.17±0.001A 0.07±.001A 0.29±0.01B 0.41±0.02A
Jania rubens 0.07±0.002A 0.03±.001A 0.17±0.00A 0.35±0.03A
Grateloupia filicina 0.09±0.001A 0.04±.001A 0.18±0.00A 0.39±0.01A
Gracilaria corticata var. corticata 0.37±0.003E 0.09±.001B 0.19±0.00A 0.48±0.02B
G. corticata var. cylindrical 0.29±0.005CD 0.23±.002C 0.31±0.01B 0.54±0.03C
G. edulis 0.34±0.003D 0.38±0.002E 0.42±0.02D 0.71±0.03F
G. canaliculata (=G. crassa) 0.33±0.001D 0.32±0.001D 0.47±0.01F 0.64±0.04E
G. verrucosa 0.38±0.004E 0.38±0.004E 0.51±0.02G 0.77±0.04G
G. foliifera 0.24±0.006B 0.20±.001C 0.41±0.02D 0.66±0.02E
Hypnea flagelliformis 0.29±0.002C 0.21±.002C 0.39±0.01D 0.68±0.02EF
H.musciformis 0.22±0.001B 0.31±.001D 0.40±0.01D 0.57±0.03D
H. valentiae 0.27±0.002C 0.30±0.002D 0.48±0.01F 0.67±0.02E
Champia parvula 0.20±0.001B 0.28±.001D 0.41±0.02D 0.69±0.03EF
Centroceras clavulatum 0.27±0.002C 0.24±0.002C 0.44±0.01E 0.59±0.02D
Spiridia hypnoides 0.22±0.003B 0.21±.006C 0.36±0.02C 0.52±0.02B
Acanthophora spicifera 0.37±0.004E 0.24±.001C 0.39±0.02D 0.49±0.02B
Green Enteromorpha flexuosa 1.51±0.42C 0.02±0.001A 0.03±0.001A 0.11±0.01B
E. intestinalis 1.57±0.61D 0.03±0.001A 0.03±0.001A 0.13±0.01B
Ulva lactuca 1.83±0.37F 0.04±0.001A 0.05±0.001A 0.09±0.01AB
Ulva reticulata 1.89±0.64G 0.03±0.002A 0.03±0.002A 0.07±0.00A
Chaetomorpha linum 1.77±0.62E 0.04±0.002A 0.04±0.002A 0.12±0.00B
Caulerpa scalpeliformis 1.34±0.22B 0.03±0.001A 0.03±0.001A 0.13±0.01B
Cladophora facicularis 1.04±0.32A 0.02±0.002A 0.02±0.002A 0.11±0.00B
Mean values with different alphabets in each group of seaweeds in each column showed significant at P < 0.001
Table 3. Proximate composition in the crude carbohydrate extracted from seaweeds collected along the coast of Thondi, India
Seaweeds
Crude
carbohydrate
yield
(% in alga dry
wt.)
Total
carbohydrate
(% in crude
carbohydrate)
Total protein
(% in crude
carbohydrate)
Total
amino acids
(% in crude
carbohydrate)
Red Amphiroa fragilissima 43.2 ±0.5B 33.4±4.2B 9.2 ±2.2A 8.1 ±1.2A
Jania rubens 36.9±0.6A 29.6±3.6A 11.1±1.2A 7.5±4.3A
Grateloupia filicina 35.1±0.2A 36.3±2.1C 15.1±2.1B 10.6±3.1B
Gracilaria corticata var. corticata 53.7±0.1C 52.4±2.6G 26.5±5.4D 11.7±2.7B
G. corticata var. cylindrica 52.4±0.2C 47.5±2.3F 20.1±4.2C 15.9±3.1D
G. edulis 54.3±1.6CD 67.4±1.4I 29.3±2.1E 26.2±3.1H
G. canaliculata (=G. crassa) 50.1±2.8C 66.4±3.3I 21.1±2.8C 21.8±1.3G
G. verrucosa 57.7±1.7D 65.9±2.4I 37.7±2.9G 30.3±5.2I
G. foliifera 43.9±0.7B 54.2±1.1G 21.4±4.7C 19.4±1.3F
Hypnea flagelliformis 46.3±0.2B 38.2±6.3C 22.7±2.2C 19.5±3.2F
H.musciformis 44.7±1.2B 40.2±2.7CD 25.5±1.2D 15.5±3.5D
H. valentiae 41.3±0.1B 44.2±4.4DE 30.1±1.3F 15.2±7.2D
Champia parvula 24.7±0.2A 32.5±2.9AB 27.4±4.2E 17.4±5.1E
Centroceras clavulatum 21.1±0.9A 47.2±1.4F 22.5±3.6C 15.6±3.5D
Spiridia hypnoides 45.6±0.2B 41.8±3.1D 25.6±4.2D 13.9±1.1C
Acanthophora spicifera 41.1±0.7A 36.4±2.1C 24.1±2.7D 15.3±4.2D
Green Enteromorpha flexuosa 23.6±0.7B 31.8±2.8A 20.2±2.3A 19.5±2.3AB
E. intestinalis 21.8±0.8B 35.7±4.4B 23.3±2.1B 20.5±3.2B
Ulva lactuca 27.8±0.7C 40.1±2.8C 35.5±3.6E 26.3±2.1C
Ulva reticulata 25.4±0.5C 38.4±5.1C 30.4±6.5D 24.1±3.7C
Chaetomorpha linum 29.8±1.9C 38.6±2.7C 34.1±1.2E 25.6±2.1C
Caulerpa scalpelliformis 27.1±0.7C 32.4±2.9A 24.1±2.7B 18.6±3.3A
Cladophora facicularis 17.4±0.6A 28.5±1.9A 22.7±1.6AB 18.1±4.1A
Mean values with different alphabets in each group of seaweeds in each column showed significant at P < 0.01
significant. However, the red seaweed, Gracilaria
verrucosa (0.51±0.02 mgg-1 dry crude carbohydrate) was
recorded at maximum total phenol which is significantly
higher than other red algae investigated. In green
seaweeds, maximum total phenol was recorded in
Chaetomorpha linum (0.41±0.02 mgg-1 dry crude
carbohydrate) which did not show significant difference
with Ulva lactuca. Generally WRC in the crude
carbohydrate of red seaweeds was higher than green
seaweeds. The observed WRC in the crude carbohydrate
was maximum in Gracilaria canaliculata which did not
significantly higher than G. edulis and G. verrucosa.
Mostly significant difference in sulphate content was
exhibited among the seaweeds samples. A maximum
amount of sulphate was observed in the Gracilaria
canaliculata (109.42±7.9 mgg-1 crude carbohydrate) (Table
4).
GC/MS data showed that methyl esters from C5 to
C18 were recorded from Gracilaria verrucosa, Gracilaria
corticata var. corticata, Acanthophora spicifera and green
Chaetomorpha linum. Out of 14 methyl esters contain C10
to C18 , main fatty acids such as n-Hexadecanoic acid
(41.82%) and Oleic Acid (27.63%) were recorded in red
Gracilaria verrucosa (Fig.1) whereas in another red
seaweed Gracilaria corticata var. corticata dominant
Diethyl phthalate (42.09%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (20.11%)
and Z-10-pentadecen-1-ol(11.21%) (Fig.2) and in other red
Acanthophora spicifera mainly represented by Diethyl
phthalate (38.85%), 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, Ethyl
methyl ester (38.16%) and Dimethyl phthalate (14.72%)
(Fig.3). Among the 8 methyl esters found in green seaweed
Chaetomorpha linum, Diethyl phthalate (42.10%), 1,2-
Benzenedicarboxylic acid, Ethyl methyl ester (34.88%),
Hexadecanoic acid (10.40%) and Dimethyl phthalate
(9.54%) were predominant (Fig. 4).
Discussion
USA, South America, Ireland, Iceland and France
have been significantly increased the consumption,
production and marketing of seaweeds (McHugh, 2003).
Average Japanese eat 1.4 kg of seaweed per year (Burtin,
2003). Consumption of seaweeds in India is still not
popular even though 60 species are identified as
commercially important (Dhargalkar and Pereira, 2005). In
the present study, observed proximate composition from
fresh specimens as well as water soluble crude
carbohydrate of 23 seaweeds belong to 16 Rhodophyceae
and 7 Chlorophyceae; and fatty acid profile of red
seaweeds Gracilaria verrucosa, Gracilaria corticata var.
corticata, Acanthophora spicifera and green
Chaetomorpha linum collected along the coast of Thondi
(Palk Bay) were perceived with nutritional potential.
It has been reported that green seaweeds contains 68-
88% water, 3-18% protein (Burkholder et al., 1971), 0.6-
4.3% fat (Munda, 1972) and 1-47% carbohydrate
(Burkholder et al., 1971; Imbamba, 1972). Green seaweeds
contain more proteins than brown and red seaweeds
(Parekh et al., 1977). Fujiwara-Arasaki et al. (1984)
reported that the amino acid composition in seaweeds
found to be 10-30% of the dry weight. Wong and Cheung
(2000) stated that high protein level and balanced amino
acid profile of seaweeds appeared to be an interesting
potential source of plant food proteins. Basemir et al.
(2004) and Nakagawa and Montgomery (2007) reported
that macro algal lipids contain a wide variety of fatty acids,
including long chain polyunsaturated important to neural
function and health.
Table 4. Proximate composition in the crude carbohydrate extracted from the seaweeds collected from Thondi, India
@Mean values with different alphabets in each group of seaweeds in each column showed significant at P < 0.001, #Mean values with
different alphabets in each group of seaweeds in each column showed significant at P < 0.01
The present investigation showed that biochemical
composition of fresh as well as water soluble crude of
seaweeds collected at Thondi coast varied from species to
species. Calcareous red alga Jania rubens found
abundantly along the coast of Thondi (Darsis and
Arunkumar, 2008) was recorded maximum dry weight and
ash content in this stud than other species however no
significant differences observed within agarophytes
(Gracilaria corticata var. corticata and G. corticata var.
cylindrica; G. edulis and G. verrucosa) and
carrageenophytes (Hypnea flagelliformis, Hypnea valentiae
and H.musciformis) indicated that they contained similar
biochemical constituents. Higher dry wt. and ash content in
red seaweeds than green observed in this investigation
reflected by lower water content and high mineral in the
former as reported by Sivakumar and Arunkumar (2009).
Chackrobarthy and Santra (2003) found high lipid content
in green seaweed Enteromorpha intestinalis. Dawczynski
et al. (2007) demonstrated that low lipid contents in
seaweeds proved to be a rich source of dietary fiber. As
reported by Rohani-Ghadikolaei et al. (2011), in this study
commonly higher lipid recorded in green seaweeds rather
than red seaweeds found former as suitable for the source
of fatty acids however, specifically in this study the high
lipid content was recorded in green seaweed Caulerpa
scalpeliformis along with the red, Gracilaria verrucosa
Seaweeds
@Total
phenol(mg-1 g
dry crude
carbohydrate)
#Water
retention
capacity
(g H2O g-1 dry
crude
carbohydrate)
#Sulphate
(mg g -1 dry
crude
carbohy
drate)
Red
Amphiroa fragilissima 0.29±0.01B 0.93±0.12A 55.44±0.7F
Jania rubens 0.17±0.00A 0.88±0.25A 87.32±5.2L
Grateloupia filicina 0.18±0.00A 0.96±0.32A 21.52±3.1B
Gracilaria corticata var. corticata 0.19±0.00A 1.79±0.47B
66.42±8.1H
G. corticata var. cylindrica 0.39±0.02C 1.95±0.27B 83.22±4.1K
G. edulis 0.47±0.02C 2.72±0.51C 94.75±9.2M
G. canaliculata (=G. crassa) 0.40±0.01C 2.89±0.80C 109.42±7.9N
G. verrucosa 0.51±0.02D 2.51±0.66C 90.55±5.5L
G. foliifera 0.41±0.02C 1.41±0.71B 78.6±6.2J
Hypnea flagelliformis 0.39±0.01C 1.58±0.50B 73.83±7.2I
H.musciformis 0.42±0.01C 1.30±0.70B 29.55±7.3B
H. valentiae 0.44±0.01C 1.27±0.91B 33.62±3.2CD
Champia parvula 0.41±0.02C 1.74±0.77B 54.27±7.1F
Centroceras clavulatum 0.44±0.01C 0.95±0.60A 42.79±4.9E
Spiridia hypnoides 0.36±0.02C 0.73±0.71A 60.99±7.8G
Acanthophora spicifera 0.31±0.01B 0.86±0.56A 83.11±2.3
Green
Enteromorpha flexuosa 0.26±0.01A 0.71±0.42A
33.19±2.6CD
E. intestinalis 0.27±0.01A 0.78±0.64A 32.10±4.5C
Ulva lactuca 0.39±0.01C 1.06±0.73B 28.98±7.6C
Ulva reticulata 0.31±0.02B 0.95±0.71B 22.54±5.3B
Chaetomorpha linum 0.41±0.02C 0.99±0.75B 39.21±4.7E
Caulerpa scalpeliformis 0.31±0.01B 0.73±0.84A 37.62±7.2E
Cladophora facicularis 0.31±0.01B 0.78±0.42A 18.43±3.8A
Fig. 1. Fatty acid methy ester profile of red seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa recorded in GC-MS
Retention
Time
Name of the compound Molecular
Formula
Molecular
Weight
peak Area %
6.32 1-Octanol, 2,7-dimethyl- C10H22O 158 0.73
9.32 1,14-Tetradecanediol C14H30O2 230 0.82
10.25 Tricycle [4.2.2.0(2.5)] deca-7,9-
Diene-7,8- dicarboxylic acid,
Cyano-, dimethyl ester
C15H15NO4 273 0.21
11.15 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid,
Ethyl methyl ester
C11H12O4 208 1.29
11.37 Oxirane, tetradecyl- C16H32O 240 1.89
12.00 Diethyl phthalate C12H14O4 222 2.52
12.87 2-Dodecanone C12H24O 184 2.64
13.13 Oxirane, tetradecyl- C16H32O 240 7.11
14.47 10-Undecenal C11H20O 168 0.91
15.86 Cyclopentadecanone, 4- methyl- C16H30O 238 1.30
16.15 9-Octadecenal C18H34O 266 3.13
17.43 n-Hexadecanoic acid(Palmitic acid) C16H32O2 256 41.82
19.53 Hexadecenoic acid, Z-11 C16H30O2 254 7.99
20.32 Oleic Acid C18H34O2 282 27.63
whose occurrence recorded as abundance along the coast
of Tamil Nadu (Rengasamy and Ilanchelian, 1988;
Kaliaperumal et al., 1994; Darsis and Arunkumar, 2008;
Palanivelu and Arunkumar, 2009) suggested that this red
seaweed can be utilized not only for traditional agar
production but also a source for fatty acids.
The quantity of macroalgal pigment is mostly used
to define algal biomass (Zucchi and Necchi, 2001). In this
investigation, generally total chlorophyll was higher in
green seaweeds than in red seaweeds whereas accessory
pigments were observed high in the later as reported by
Talarico and Maranzana (2000) and further stated that the
red seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa observed at maximum
accessory pigments (phycoerythrin, allophycocyanin and
phycocyanin) indicated that this would be a good source
for the extraction of natural pigments besides its utilization
%
of
Pea
k
area
Are
a
Retention time (Minute)
Arunkumar et al., 2014
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Fig. 2. Fatty acid methy ester profile of red seaweed Gracilaria corticata var. corticata recorded in GC-MS
RT Name of the compound Molecular
Formula
Molecular
Weight
peak Area %
6.95 Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, methyl ester C8H8O3 152 4.64
7.98 Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, ethyl ester C9H10O3 166 0.53
10.24 Dimethyl phthalate C10H10O4 194 2.65
12.00 Diethyl phthalate C12H14O4 222 42.09
11.14 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid,
Ethyl methyl ester
C11H12O4 208 18.62
16.76 Pentanoic acid, 4-methyl, methyl ester C7H14O2 130 0.15
17.32 n-Hexadecanoic acid C16H32O2 256 20.11
20.17 Z-10-pentadecen-1-ol C15H30O 226 11.21
for cell wall polysaccharides and agar. From this present
investigation, it observed that recorded water soluble crude
carbohydrate yield was more in red seaweeds than in green
seaweeds. It observed that the species of Gracilaria
(Agarophytes) extracted with higher crude carbohydrate
than Hypnea (Carrageenophytes) as result of high
proximate constituents such as total carbohydrate, total
protein and total amino acid recorded in the water soluble
crude extract of Gracilaria species. Phenolic compounds
reported to have several biological effects including
antioxidant, antiapoptosis, anti-aging, anti-carcinogen (Han
et al., 2007) and have been highly considered for their
important dietary roles such as antioxidant and
chemoprotective agents (Bravo, 1998). Seaweeds
considered as a rich source of antioxidants (Cahyana et al.,
1992). In the present study, based on the recorded total
phenol in the seaweed samples collected from the Thondi
coast found as promising source of antioxidative property
as reported by Devi et al. (2008).
Consumption of seaweeds can increase the intake of
dietary fiber and thereby reduce the occurrence of some
chronic diseases (Ginneken et al., 2011). WRC (water
retention capacity) in the crude extracted carbohydrate
indirectly indicates the dietary fiber present in the crude
carbohydrate extracts of seaweeds. Red seaweeds are
mainly constituted with water insoluble hetero-
polysaccharides called agar. Thus, in the present study,
crude carbohydrate of red seaweeds showed more WRC
%
of
Pea
k
area
Are
a
Retention time (Minute)
Fig. 3. Fatty acid methy ester profile of red seaweed Acanthophora spicifera recorded in GC-MS
RT Name of the compound Molecular
Formula
Molecular
Weight
peak Area %
6.97 Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, methyl ester C8H8O3 152 4.81
8.01 Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, ethyl ester C8H10O3 166 0.49
10.25 Dimethyl phthalate C10H10O4 194 14.72
11.14 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid,
Ethyl methyl ester
C11H12O4 208 38.16
11.99 Diethyl phthalate C12H14O4 222 38.85
16.74 Butanoic acid, 2-methyl- C5H10O2 102 0.08
17.37 n-Hexadecanoic acid C16H32O2 256 2.69
19.48 4-Dimethyl-5-hexen-3-ol C8H16O 128 0.20
20.51 Dodecyl acrylate C15H28O2 240 4.81
than green seaweeds due to the presence of water in-solu-
ble dietary fiber as reported by (Carvalho et al., 2009). It
further evidence that WRC in the crude carbohydrate of red
seaweeds are increased in those red seaweeds recorded
high amount of phycoccolloids.
Femenia et al. (1997) and Rupérez and Saura-
Calixto (2001) reported that WRC is attributed to insoluble
fiber, high content of uronic acids and components of
soluble fraction of dietary fiber, as a corroboration, in the
present investigation, red seaweeds such as Grateloupia
filicina, Gracilaria corticata var. corticata, G. corticata
var. cylindrical, G. edulis, G. canaliculata, G. verrucosa,
G. foliifera, Grateloupia filicina, Hypnea flgelliformis,
H.musciformis and H. valentiae contained commercially
important cell wall polysaccharides showed high WRC
would be a source of dietary fiber besides polysaccharides
extraction. Mineral content of several brown, red and green
seaweeds was recorded (Sivakumar and Arunkumar,
2009). Seaweeds contained 1.3-5.9% of sulphate (Rupérez,
2002). As the observation of Sivakumar and Arunkumar
(2009), in the present investigation was also recorded
significant difference in sulphate content among the
seaweeds.
Marine macroalgae form a good, durable and
virtually inexhaustible source for polyunsaturated fatty
acids (Ginneken et al., 2011). Eleven species of seaweeds
%
of
Pea
k
area
Are
a
Retention time (Minute)
Fig. 4. Fatty acid methy ester profile of green seaweed Chaetomorpha linum recorded in GC-MS
RT Name of the compound Molecular
Formula
Molecular
Weight
peak Area %
6.98 Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, methyl ester C8H8O3 152 2.41
10.25 Dimethyl phthalate C10H10O4 194 9.54
11.14 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid,
Ethyl methyl ester
C11H12O4 208 34.88
11.99 Diethyl phthalate C12H14O4 222 42.10
16.75 Hexanoic acid, 2-methyl- C7H14O2 130 0.17
17.35 Hexadecanoic acid C16H32O2 256 10.40
19.49 4-Dodecanol C12H26O 186 0.52
20.17 4-Tetradecene,(E) C14H28 196 2.41
belonging to Rhodophyceae collected from the coastal
zones of Qatar contained palmitic (16:0), myristic (14:0),
oleic (18:1), eicosodienoic (20:2), linoleic (18:2), stearic
(18:0) and hexadecaenoic acid (16:1) as major fatty acids.
The fatty acids were characterized by the relatively high
abundance of polyunsaturated acids, while the C18
unsaturated acids were appreciably more abundant than the
C20 unsaturated acids (Heiba, 2005). In the present
investigation, red seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa recorded
Hexadecanoic acid (16:1) and Oleic Acid (18:0) identified
as dominant which are important in nutraceutical point of
view (Ginneken et al., 2011). As reported by (Namikoshi
et al., 2006), diethyl phthalate represented as major
constituent in the methyl esters of Gracilaria corticata var.
corticata, Acanthophora spicifera and green seaweed
Chaetomorpha linum through GC/MS study indicated that
these seaweeds would be a good source for bioactive
compounds production (Gezgin and Güven, 2001;
Venkatesh et al., 2011) rather than nutraceutical values.
In conclusion, this study indicated that seaweeds
such as red, Jania rubens, Gracilaria verrucosa,
Gracilaria edulis, Hypnea musciformis, H. valentiae,
Grateloupia filicina; and green seaweeds Ulva lactuca and
Chaetomorpha linum are promising not only for traditional
%
of
Pea
k
area
Are
a
Retention time (Minute)
Arunkumar et al., 2014
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cell wall polysaccharides extraction but also as a source of
specific nutraceutical values like dietary fiber, pigments,
carbohydrates, protein and amino acids supplements in the
food and fodder. Specifically seaweeds such as Gracilaria
verrucosa, Gracilaria corticata var. corticata,
Acanthophora spicifera and green seaweed, Chaetomorpha
linum can be utilized not only as source of nutraceutical
supplements but also for fatty acids as well as bioactive
compounds.
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