Interactive Lecture Quiz #8 on Chapters 16 & 24- Blood Coagulation and the Immune Response

Spring, 2008By Patricia L. Mansfield, Ph.D.

Directions. Take this quiz using your powerpoint viewer to test yourself and to get immediate feedback on your answer choice.

I obtained some figures, animations or videos from internet classes or from your textbook author to demonstrate the important principles covered in this quiz.

14/27/2008

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1. Which of the following plays a role in coagulation?a. erythrocytes b. thrombocytes c. lymphocyte d. neutrophil

Mansfield Syllabus, p. 82

What is the aka for thrombocyte”?

Are thrombocytes cells?

2. What initiates the intrinsic pathway for blood clotting?a. plasmin b. platelet aggregation c. prothrombin d. collagen

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Figure 16-13: The coagulation cascade

Now, answer the same question for the extrinsic pathway.

Do not memorize the order of activation of the clotting factors.

Overview of Hemostasis: Clot Formation & Vessel Repairand ANALYSIS WITH THE HOMEOSTASIS MODEL

Efferent pathway

Error

Stimulus

SensorBecause the control system is a paracrine, local reaction, there is no afferent or efferent pathway.

Feedback Element

Output

Figure 16-11: Overview of hemostasis and tissue repair

Processes triggered

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Figure 16-13: The coagulation cascade

3. What is the main role of the common pathway?a. activate Hageman factor b. hemolysis c. fibrinolysisd. conversion of prothrombin to thrombin e. anticoagulation

4. Production of the platelet plug is an example of ______.a. positive feedback b. negative feedback c. either depending upon which pathway was activated

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Figure 16-12: Platelet plug formation

5. Which of the following is a cell?a. virus b. bacterium c. protozoan d. fungus e. all of these EXCEPT a virus

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A paramecium is a eucaryotic cell!

http://67.102.20.37/~bernie/sciproject/project/Kingdoms/animals%207/Images/paramecium.JPG

Figure 24-1: Viruses

FUNGI-- MUSHROOMS & PENICILLIN

5. Which of the following is a cell?a. virus b. bacterium c. protozoan d. fungus e. all of these EXCEPT a virus

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Are bacteria taking over the world! Read the information about MRSA, nosocomial infections and staphylococcus areus in general at www.genomic.ch/staphylococcus.php

http://www.genomic.ch/pict/Staphylococcus_big.jpg

Another nosocomial infection?Per an Email I received this morning (4-29-08) from Kathy, another multi-resistant bacterium may be worse then the current ones. Do some research on Acinetobacter calcoaceticus when you have time.

6. Cells called macrophages function as _________.a. phagocytes b. cytotoxic cells c. antigen-presenting cells d. a and c e. all of these

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WAYS TO LOOK AT IMMUNE SYSTEM CELLS Phagocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and macrophages Types of macrophages: patrolling and fixed Antigen-presenting cells: monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes/plasma cells

7. Cytotoxic-T cells are a type of ______.a. neutrophil b. eosinophil c. lymphocyte d. basophil e. none of these 

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WAYS TO LOOK AT IMMUNE SYSTEM CELLS Classes of Leucocytes: Granular, Agranular Phagocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes/macrophages Types of macrophages: patrolling and fixed Antigen-presenting cells: monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes/plasma cells Cytotoxic cells: eosinophils, lymphocytes Types of lymphocytes: NK cells, TH(HELPER), TC(CYTOXIC), B, plasma, memory-T, memory-B Blood cells in tissues: lymphocytes (most in lymphoid tissues, GALT), eosinophils & basophils in skin/lungs/GIT, dendritic cells in skin (Langerhans cells)GALT- gut-associated lymphatic tissue; GIT- gastrointestinal tract

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8. What is complement?a. a group of blood proteins b. specialized type of erythrocyte c. an immunoglobulin d. a hormone e. all of these

Figure 24-8: Membrane attack complex

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9. The term “major histocompatibility complex or MHC” refers to _____.a. antibodies b. antigens c. either d. neither

MHC-I All body cells Membrane proteins

Cell recognition

MHC-II Macrophages, B lymphocytes, Dendritic cells

Membrane proteins

Site for attachment of foreign antigen

Classical Terms: Rubor, Dolor, Tumor, Calor

10. Which reaction forms part of a local inflammatory response?a. vasodilation b. vasoconstriction c. platelet aggregation d. complement fixation

Inflammatory Response: Cytokines Signal Initiation Histamines: from mast cells swelling, edema,

blood vessel dilation Interleukins from NK cells and others: fever,

b.v. gaps WBC's & proteins infection Bradykinin: pain & swelling Membrane attack complex proteinsBullet points per Silverthorn powerpoint slide.

Best definition of a cytokine: chemical made by one cell that stimulates a response in another cell.

Inflammatory Response: Cytokines Signal Initiation

Figure 24-8: Membrane attack complex

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11. Never let monkeys eat bananas is a memory cue that expresses _____.

11-13. Matching. Use the key below to match the statement with the condition.a. the normal frequency of leucocyte types.b. an altered frequency of leucocyte types during a parasitic infection. c. an altered frequency of leucocotye types during a bacterial infectiond. degranulation of mast cells

Figure 24-4: Cells of the immune system

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12. Eosinophils increase in frequency

11-13. Matching. Use the key below to match the statement with the condition.a. the normal frequency of leucocyte types.b. an altered frequency of leucocyte types during a parasitic infection. c. an altered frequency of leucocotye types during a bacterial infectiond. degranulation of mast cells

KILLING PARASITES– Antigen-presentation activates TH cells TH cell activation triggers B cell clonal expansion Plasma cells produce antibodies Eosinophils kill antibody-coated parasites by degranulating on their surface.

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13. Inverted differential in which lymphocytes are more frequent than neutrophils

11-13. Matching. Use the key below to match the statement with the condition.a. the normal frequency of leucocyte types.b. an altered frequency of leucocyte types during a parasitic infection. c. an altered frequency of leucocotye types during a bacterial infectiond. degranulation of mast cells

KILLING BACTERIA-- Interaction of Antigen Presenting Cells and T-helper Cells (799.0K) Macrophages including neutrophils activated—phagocytosis/ inflammatory response Lysozyme Mast cells trigger inflammatory response Complement activated, coats, attacks unencapsulated bacteria Antigen-presentation activates TH cells TH cell activation triggers B cell clonal expansion Plasma cells produce antibodies Complement attacks antibody-coated encapsulated bacteria Antibodies coat immediately if repeat presentation

Defenses against Bacteria

Figure 24-17: Immune responses to bacteria

Viral Defense: Summary of Innate & Acquired Responses

Figure 24-18: Immune responses to viruses

Defense against Fungihttp://www.erj.ersjournals.com/cgi/content-nw/full/19/1/151/F1

Allergic Response: Inflammation Reaction to Non-pathogen

Figure 24-19: Allergic responses

ALLERGIC REACTIONS-- IgE Mediated Hypersensitivity (1030.0K) Allergens enter body Eosinophils release toxic enzymesinflammation/tissue damage Antigen-presenting cells activated TH cell reponse/B cell response IgE Antibody production Mast cells and histamine release

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Answers

1. B 6. D 11. A

2. D 7. C 12. B

3. D 8. A 13. C

4. A 9. B

5. E 10. A

23Mansfield Syllabus, p. 82

LIFE CYCLE OF ERYTHRO-CYTES:

RBCs live about 120 days.

What Happens to Bilirubin?1.After RBCs are degraded, free bilirubin is released.2.Hepatocytes secrete a conjugated form of bilirubin (bilirubin glucuronide) into bile.3.Bacterial action changes bilirubin glucuronide to urobilinogen in the small intestine. (Pathway is from the bile duct to the duodenum to the jejunum to the ileum.)4.Urobilinogen changes to stercobilinogen in the large intestine.5.Oxidation at defecation produces stercobilin in the feces.

Some urobilinogen is absorbed (enters blood), and moves from the liver to the kidneys. Here, urobilinogen is oxidized to urobilin, which is secreted in urine.

LIFE CYCLE OF ERYTHROCYTES: Erythrocytes live for approximately 120 days. Fixed phagocytes lining liver sinusoids (Kupffer cells), the sinusoids in spleen, and in bone marrow destroy them.

Each of the 280 million hemoglobin molecules in an RBC dissociates into 4 globins and 1 heme. The globin protein is returned to the amino acid pools of the body. The iron portion of the heme part is returned to the bone marrow for recyclying. The pigment portion of the heme part moves into bilirubin, which is secreted into bile by hepatocytes.

Blood Types with their Antigens and AntibodiesGeneral Rule: Antibody binds to Antigen

Figure 24-20a: ABO blood groups

Blood Type

Antigen on RBC

Naturally-occurring Antibodies present in plasma

Rh positive

Rh None

Rh negative

None None

Antibodies to the Rh antigen occur ONLY after exposure of an Rh negative person to the Rh antigen.