RAP 2/21 PG. 22

1.WHAT PERCENT OF THE EARTH IS COVERED BY WATER?

2.WHAT PERCENT IS FRESH?

3.WHAT PERCENT IS USABLE?

TOPIC: GROUNDWATER

14.1 WATER IN THE GROUND

14.2 CONSERVING GROUNDWATER

14.3 GROUNDWATER AND GEOLOGY

DISTRIBUTION OF EARTH’S WATER

GROUNDWATERDefinition: Water that enters and is stored in the ground

WATER IN THE GROUND

What factors affect the amount of water that enters the ground?

HOW MUCH WATER? WHY?#1

HOW MUCH WATER? WHY?#2

HOW MUCH WATER? WHY?#3

HOW MUCH WATER? WHY?#4

HOW MUCH WATER? WHY?

#5

HOW MUCH WATER? WHY?#6

FACTORSType of rock or soil

Climate

Topography

Vegetation

Land use

A. POROSITY:Percent of material’s volume that is pore space

Depends on:

a. Particle shape (angular or spherical)

b. Sorting (similar size and shape=good sorting)

I. Ability to Store Water

B. PERMEABILITY:Rate at which water passes through material

(connectedness of pores)

Which is more permeable? clay, silt, sand or gravel

SO, WHAT DOES THIS HAVE TO DO WITH GROUNDWATER?

WATER RESOURCES: ACTIVE READING

GIZMO 2/22

RAP 2/25 PG. 22

1. What is the difference in porosity between a WELL sorted material and a POORLY sorted material?

2. To drill a successful well, you would want the ground material to be both ___________ and _______________.

TOPIC: II. GROUNDWATER ZONES*SEE MODEL GROUNDWATER LAB

Zone of aeration – area underground above the water table that can still hold water

Water table – top of the zone of saturation

Zone of saturation - area where water collects underground by filling all pore spaces

Movie!

MODEL ZONES LAB: PERIOD 1 GROUPSLab Table 1

Tylek

Colton

Nicole

Lab Table 2

Jackson

Julie

Lab Table 3

Zach

Nick

Jonathan

Lab Table 4

Leanna

Heather

Skyler

Lab Table 5

Miya

Cristian

Travis

Lab Table 6

Sydney

Caitlin

Gary

Noah

MODEL ZONES LAB: PERIOD 6 GROUPSLab Table 1

Shannon

Jake

Jenny

Lab Table 2

Chase

Brice

Lab Table 3

Alex

Daniel

Dylan S.

Lab Table 4Mitchell

Devin

Jordan C.

Kaitlin Bennett

Lab Table 5Davon

Ashtyn

Trey

Lab Table 6Josue

Yony

Ben

Luke

With Ms. Renwick

Group 7

Chrissy

Kaitlyn Bishop

Dylan Wimer

Anandhu

Group 8

Zach

Robert

Jordan B.

RAP 2/26 PG 221. Which substance (A or B) has a higher porosity?

2. What is this picture representing?

3. What term can you use to describe the zone of aeration?

A

B

III. GROUNDWATER STORAGE IN VIRGINIA

A.Aquifer- porous and permeable rock/sediment layer

(stores and carries groundwater in enough quantities to supply wells)

B. Spring- small stream of groundwater that has reached the surface

Shoots up hot water and steam

WATCH OUT FOR

C. GEYSERS!

WHO KNOWS OF A FAMOUS GEYSER?

D. Artesian well- does not need pump, sandwiched between 2 impermeable layers

E. Wells

1. CONE OF DEPRESSION

Salt Water

UNUSUALLY SALTY WATER…

Impact crater in Chesapeake Bay allows salt water to come farther inland

A suitable well location is shown and the recommended minimumdistances between wells and various natural and man-made features are observed.

GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION

GALLERY WALK: 5 PROVINCES AND GROUNDWATER

RAP 3/1 PG 24

1. A small stream of groundwater that has reached the surface is called:

2. A cone of depression forms when:

3.When drilling a well, these are two concerns the driller must address.

IV. WATER BUDGETA. Income and spending of water for a region

1. Income=rain/snow

2. Spending=water lost by use; runoff and transpiration

B. RECHARGING1. Water soaks into soil and is stored between grains of soil

RAP 2/28 PG. 241. What is one type of “spending” in

the water budget?

2. What is one type of “income” in the water budget?

V. KARST TOPOGRAPHY=CAVERNS

What geologic process created this natural wonder?!

Karst Topography

1. Karst topography occurs in regions containing rock that issoluble.

A. General Description

2. Rock that is soluble will slowly

dissolve.

3. The most common soluble rock type forming karst is limestone.

4. Rainwater dissolves limestone (CaCO3) more readily acidic.

5. Rainwater reacts with carbon dioxide in the air to formcarbonic acid.

because it is

Diagram courtesy of USGS at

va.water.usgs.gov/ GLOBAL/AWWALAST.htm

Physiographic Provinces of Virginia

Karst topography occurs predominately in

region of Virginia.

Valley and Ridge

FEATURES OF KARST TOPOGRAPHY

•Stalagmites•Stalactites•Columns•Sinkhole•“Lost Rivers”

Photo courtesy of USGS at

pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/ of03-337/figures/fig9.html

Sinkholes

SINKHOLE FORMATION

Natural Bridge

Near Lexington, VA

Photo courtesy of US Dept. of Justice at http://www.usdoj.gov/marshals/district/va-w/general/natbrid1.jpg

Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico

Photo courtesy of the National Park Service at

photo.itc.nps.gov/.../ cave/cave-Full.00001.html